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《李如樟及其『三镇边务总要』》

作  者:石彬伦(美)
     长城小站
出  处:中国长城博物馆 2015年
发表时间:2015-01-01
文  摘:
李如樟(1565年—?),字宗豫,号维城,辽东铁岭卫人,是万历年间著名武将李成梁(1526年—1618年)第四子。李如樟纂辑的《三镇边务总要》一书,从边防的角度记载蓟、昌、辽三镇各个关隘以及时常入侵的少数民族部落的情况,是研究明代长城必读之书。尽管如此,自康熙四十六年(1707年)以来,一直没有学者或编篡者直接引用原书的正文,而且清代大量引用该书的《日下旧闻》与原文有一定的出入。 本文旨在向研究明代长城、朵颜三卫蒙古以及明末女真族兴起的学者介绍李如樟的生平及其《三镇边务总要》的情况。
关 键 词:李如樟 三镇边务总要 研究
正  文:
……
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参考文献:
1 关于李如樟的字和号,参见附录1注189。关于李成梁的生平,参见[日]园田一龟《李成梁と其の一族に就て》,《东洋学报》第26卷第1号(1938年11月),页89—120;孙文良《论明末辽东总兵李成梁》,《明史研究》第一期,1991年页159—172;Kenneth Swope, “A Few Good Men: The Li Family and China’s Northern Frontier in the Late Ming,” Ming Studies [《(美国)明史研究》] 第49期 (2004年春季),页34—81;Arthur Hummel主编Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period, [《清代名人传略》] Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943—1944年,页450—452;李泽绵《李成梁及其家族》,哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2003年;李士群主编《李成梁研究》,沈阳:辽海出版社,2011年;叶高树《明清之际辽东的军事家族—李、毛、祖三家的比较》,《台湾师大历史学报》第42期(2009年12月)页132—135。
2 康熙46年序(1707年)《柳边纪略》卷2页2下提到《三镇边务总要》的内容:“按《三镇边务务要[总要之误]》:‘羊肠河在镇远等堡边外,系朵颜卫住牧之所,今为内地’”。《日下旧闻》一书未包括辽东资料,所以以上内容应该直接来自于《三镇边务总要》。1937年岭南大学图书馆编《馆藏善本图书题识》页29引用了部分序文;拙作 David Spindler, ”A Twice-Scorned Mongol Woman, the Raid of 1576, and the Building of the Brick Great Wall,” Ming Studies [《[美国]明史研究》]第60期 (2009年11月),页92引用了部分正文。
3 《李成梁と其の一族に就て》页93—95。
4 朱相吉《对“铁岭李氏”家族的考查》,《中国朝鲜族史研究》册1,延吉:延边大学出版社,1993 年,页66;李泽绵的原著作未查到。
5 《李成梁及其家族》页6。
6 [韩]裵三益《临渊斋先生文集》卷4页23下《朝天录》(《燕行录全集》册4页25)曰:“[李成梁]本东国[朝鲜]人理山人也。”
7 [韩]申炅用《再造藩邦志》卷2页40下—41上。
8 张廷玉《明史》卷238;中华书局标点本册20页6197《李如樟传》。“如樟,亦由父荫,历都指挥佥事。从兄如松征宁夏,先登有功,累进都督佥事。历广西、延绥总兵官。”
9 李树德《[康熙]李氏谱系》卷2(藏日本东洋文库);李泽棉校订,铁岭:铁岭市博物馆,1991年,页19。李如樟的出生年可以从《明史》卷217册19页5736《沈鲤传》得到佐证:“[万历]三十二年叙皮林功”。“皮林功”指李如樟参加平贵州播州苗族暴动时立的功劳。据郑汝璧《由庚堂集》卷18页23上《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》:“事竣,司马首叙公功进都督同知秩一品……公春秋甫四十加一而横玉一何壮也。顷,司马上功状与播並叙,而主上独先皮林之赏讵非异数哉!”如果李如樟万历三十二年为四十一岁,他出生年为嘉靖四十三年,与《[康熙]李氏谱系》的记录完全吻合。
10 《三镇边务总要·序》页1下。
11 指唐代名将裴行俭和郭子仪。
12 《再造藩邦志》卷2页41上。李成梁第六子,名字与生卒年不详,应该是万历三十四年荫为百户的儿子,参见附录2第17条,应该不是宿氏的儿子。宿氏是如松的母亲,也应该是如柏、如桢、如樟、如梅的母亲。
13 关于速把亥,参见薄音湖《明清时期内蒙古各部的名称》,《寻根》2007年第三期,页13;Henry Serruys [赛瑞斯] Genealogical Tables of the Descendants of Dayan-Qan, The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1958年,页151—152。关于此次战事的经过和地理位置,参见《明史》卷238册20页6185《李成梁传》 ;瞿九思《万历武功录》卷12《速把亥列传》页19下—20上。
14 《明神宗实录》卷72戊申条;佟铮编《明实录东北资料辑》,沈阳:辽沈书社,1990年,册4页1747。至于如何确定此次荫子为李如樟,参见附录2。
15 陶望龄,(1562年—1609年),字周望,号石篑,万历十七年中会试第一,廷试第三,授编修(《明人传记资料索引》页563);生卒年据陶元藻《[乾隆]会稽陶氏族谱》卷17页38下《大司成文简公传》。
16 陶广学,字子约,号寰瀛,官至湖广孝感县承。《[乾隆]会稽陶氏族谱》卷18页1上《孝感丞寰瀛公传》曰:“[陶]广学,字子约,姿容俊伟。治《春秋》有声。廪于庠,已,入太学,谒铨部选授丞楚之孝感,与令议事不合,投牒去官。大帅李公成梁雅敬慕公,深自结纳,命二子如松、如柏受业而师事焉。居数载,辞归,赠遗甚厚。”其实,陶广学作为李如松、李如柏的老师应该在他担任孝感县丞之前:据《[康熙]孝感县志》(24卷本卷11页33下,16卷本卷7页10上),陶广学于万历二十八年任孝感县丞,他的接任者万历三十一年(24卷本)或三十三年(16卷本)上任。
17 陶望龄《歇菴集》卷10页23上《李将军赠言引》。
18 努尔哈赤大约从万历七年至万历十年之前被李成梁收养。(陈涴《努尔哈赤崛起与李成梁关系史事钩沉》,《满族研究》2009年第1期页42—43。)
19 [韩]朴思浩《心田稿·留馆杂录·序》。
20 李如松已于万历五年备黄花镇;李如柏于万历七年任游击(《李成梁及其家族》页167;《明神宗实录》卷101丙午条)。
21 据《明神宗实录》卷123丙子条:“虏酋速把亥寇义州。总兵李成梁击斩之,俘获百余人。兵部言:‘官军奋勇,名王就歼,从来摧锋,血战犹是,击其归路,未有堂堂迎敌,殊死陷坚,剪除祸本,如此举者!’上喜,命宣捷祭告,如常仪。”
22 殷尚质,天津卫人,官至辽东总兵,嘉靖三十五年(1556年)十一月死于战场(《明世宗实录》卷441戊午条);王治道,广宁右屯卫人,官至辽东总兵,隆庆四年(1570年)九月死于战场(《明穆宗实录》卷49戊子条);杨照,辽东前屯卫人,官至辽东总兵,嘉靖四十二年(1563年)八月死于战场(《明世宗实录》卷524乙亥条)。
23 周咏(1533年—1595年),开封府延津人,字思养,号乐轩,嘉靖四十一年进士。(《明人传记资料索引》页326)。
24 镇夷堡在今辽宁省北镇满族自治县西北。
25 《三镇边务总要》册3页22下—23下《辽镇北虏东虏西虏并各卫夷酋枝派数目考》。
26 顾养谦《冲菴顾先生抚辽奏议》卷3页3上《擒斩大虏收获奇捷疏》。
27 《明神宗实录》卷173癸未条、《万历武功录》卷13《大委正列传》页1上、[清]钱大昕《十驾斋养新录》卷9页33下《译音无定字》;参见《李成梁及其家族》页171。
28 “李成梁荫本卫男升三级”《明神宗实录》卷174乙巳条;《明实录东北资料辑》册4页1835;至于如何确定李成梁此次荫子为李如樟,参见附录2。
29 《冲菴顾先生抚辽奏议》卷3页9上《擒斩大虏收获奇捷疏》。
30 《歇菴集》卷10页23上—23下《李将军赠言引》。
31 《[康熙]李氏谱系》卷2;李泽棉校订本页20。
32 李如樟参加考试等活动的叙述出现在万历二十年(1592年)宁夏哱拜叛乱之前(《三镇边务总要·序》页1下—2上)。
33 《由庚堂集》卷18页22上《贺大将军维城李公秩一品序》。
34 《三镇边务总要·序》页1下—2上。
35 据《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页13下,李如樟是监生。据他的友人陈懿典说,哱拜叛乱时,李如樟“自国子生投笔从戎朔方之役”。(陈懿典《陈学士先生初集》卷6页39上《贺蓟门副帅李将军序》)陈懿典,浙江嘉兴府秀水人,字孟常,号如岡,万历二十年(1592年)进士,官至少詹士。(《[雍正]浙江通志》卷133页11下,卷179页9上)
36《陈学士先生初集》卷33页25上《与李维城总戎》。
37 第一,《三镇边务总要·序》曰:“试京闱者再”,未提及及第的记录。第二,《[康熙]盛京通志》,《[乾隆]钦定盛京通志》,和历代《铁岭县志》均未提李如樟通过文、武两个系统的考试。
38 杨廷福、杨同甫编《明人室名别称字号索引》,上海古籍出版社,2002年,上册页204,下册页104、277、373。
39 《皇明经世文编》卷452页2上,梅国祯《为叛丁悖乱异常时事万分可虑疏》;《万历疏钞》卷44页2下。
40 哱拜,蒙古人,原来投靠黄台吉,后为王崇古收编。参阅李明华《解读叶梦熊功成引退之谜》,《惠城文史》第23辑,[2010年]注1。
41 [清]胡林翼《读史兵略续编》卷10页4上;参见南炳文、汤钢《明史》,上海:上海人民出版社,2003年,册下页911—914。
42 召公为姬奭,共同与周公立周宣王。
43 召公姬奭之后代。《史记》卷34册5页1549《燕召公世家第四·索隐》:“至宣王时,召穆公虎,其[指姬奭]后也。”
44 李西平指唐朝著名武将李晟(727年—793年),洮州临潭人,字良器(《中国历史大辞典·隋唐五代史》,上海:上海词书出版社,1995年页347)。李愬为李晟二子,“以父荫起家”。参见《旧唐书》卷133册11页3678《李晟传、李愬传》。
45 《国语》卷11《晋语五》:“臼季使,舍于冀野。冀缺薅,其妻馌之,敬,相待如宾。从而问之,冀芮之子也,与之归;既复命,而进之曰:‘臣得贤人,敢以告。’……[晋文]公见之,使为下军大夫。”
46 周生为陶望龄的第二个妻子:“配商太仆卿燕阳公女,封孺人,再周同胞四进士祚孙女,无出,继[陶]奭龄长子。”(《[乾隆]会稽陶氏族谱》卷11页3上—3下)
47 《歇菴集》卷10页23下—24上《李将军赠言引》。
48 《明神宗实录》卷247己酉条;李国祥、杨昶主编《明实录类纂·北京史料卷》,武汉出版社,1992年,页305。
49 时间按茅瑞征《万历三大征考·哱氏》页10下。
50 凌礼潮笺校《梅国桢集》,武汉:湖北人民出版社,2006年,页20,梅国桢《征哱奏议·第五疏》。参见诸葛元声《两朝平攘录》卷3页25下;《万历武功录》卷1《哱拜哱承恩》页31下—32上;茅瑞征《万历三大征考·哱氏》页10下;陈建《皇明从信录》卷36页51上—51下。
51 《梅国桢集》页64,梅国桢《征哱奏议·第十七疏》。
52 [清]钱谦益《牧斋初学集》卷64页3下—4上《通议大夫兵部右侍郎兼都察院右佥都御史赠副都御史梅公神道碑》。
53 《皇明经世文编》卷452页9下,梅国祯《第八疏》;参见袁中道《珂雪斋前集》卷16页18上、《珂雪斋近集》卷7页15下《梅大中丞传》;周圣楷《楚宝》卷6页30下《梅国桢》。
54 颜季亨《国朝武功纪胜通考》卷8《征哱终案》页10上。参见徐昌治《昭代芳摹》卷29页66上—66下;陈建《皇明通纪集要》卷36页20下—21上、《皇明从信录》卷36页53下;方孔炤《全边略记》卷6页34上;矛瑞征《万历三大征考·哱氏》页13上。
55 祝以豳《诒美堂集》卷22页11下—12上《朔方纪事》。
56 《万历邸钞》万历二十年壬辰卷页42上。
57 《明神宗实录》卷252辛巳条;周永春《丝纶录》卷4页51下。
58 《明神宗实录》卷252。关于本次犒劳军人参见《万历三大征考·哱氏》页15上;《明史纪事本末》卷63级字为恩字(上海古籍出版社本,1994年,页254)。
59 参游为参将、游击的简称(《中国历史大辞典·明史》,上海:上海词书出版社,1995年,页335)。在四个武官中,前面应该是参将,后面应为游击。李如樟排列最后,所以他当时应该是游击。
60 《皇明通纪集要》卷36页22上,22下、《皇明从信录》卷36页55上,55下;范景文《昭代武功编》卷9页18上,18下《叶督抚征哱承恩》;矛瑞征《万历三大征考·哱氏》页14下,15上。
61 王鸣鹤《登坛必究》卷40页35下《兵部议复宁夏功赏疏》;[清]王圻《续文献通考》卷49页22下;《丝纶录》卷4页57上。
62 《明神宗实录》卷259四月甲午条。
63 《明神宗实录》卷260五月乙卯条。《[乾隆]宣化府志》卷20《职官三》上西路、下西路参将记录中未提及李如樟。
64 《两朝平攘录》卷4页37下—38上。
65 据方应选《方众甫集》卷7页26下《滦东平叛记》。参见《明神宗实录》卷290己未条:“防海兵以要挟双粮、鼓噪,蓟镇督抚、道臣擒其倡乱者,正法。余党尽驱南还。”
66 《两朝平攘录》卷4页38上。
67 《方众甫集》卷7页31下《滦东平叛记》。
68 孙矿《姚江孙月峰先生全集》卷5页100上《叙功疏稿略》。此记载写于当年十一月。
69 方应选,字众甫,号明斋,南直隶松江府华亭人(《明人传记资料索引》页16)。
70 《方众甫集》卷1页3上—3下《宁远伯颂·序》。
71 《方众甫集》卷13页21下《与李总戎》提及郑汝璧。郑氏和李如樟在延绥同时担任巡抚与总兵为万历三十一年至三十三年之间。郑汝璧,字邦章,号昆岩,浙江处州府缙云人(《明人传记资料索引》页783)。
72 《方众甫集》卷8页27下—28上《诰封王大将军配王夫人墓志铭》。
73 李如樟何时从黄花镇调到蓟州笔者未查到。
74 时间据《明神宗实录》卷303十月癸未条:“顺天廵抚李颐题:罗文峪斩获虏级四十九颗”;官名据郭造卿《卢龙塞略》卷15页9上。
75 《陈学士先生初集》卷6页39下《贺蓟门副帅李将军序》。
76 《喜峰路董家口关修建石城记》,载《河北省明代长城碑刻辑录》,北京:科学出版社,2009年,上册页79。释文为李如松,误。拓片发表于王书珍主编《迁西石刻》,天津:百花文艺出版社,2007年,页52。释文为李如囗(页53)。
77 《明神宗实录》卷317丁丑条。据《[康熙]李氏谱系》卷2(李泽棉校订本页19),李如樟从宁夏回来后很快就升了都督佥事:“[李如樟]随兄如松征宁夏有功,进都督佥事。”《谱系》叙述李如樟生平用的文字较少,先后时间顺序写得不严谨。
78 赵志皋《明故特进荣禄大夫征虏前将军提督镇守辽东总兵官太子太保中军都督府左都督赠少保宁远伯李忠烈公墓志铭》(以下简称《李如松墓志》):“公[李如松]生,嘉靖己酉十二月十一日;卒,万历戊戌四月四日,年五十”;《明神宗实录》卷321万历二十六年四月丁卯条:“虏寇辽东,总兵李如松远出捣巢,死之。”
79 王锡爵《王文肃公全集·王文肃公牍草》卷18页27下《李如樟总兵》。
80 《陈学士先生初集》卷6页39上《贺蓟门副帅李将军序》。
81 《明神宗实录》卷327丙寅条;《明实录类纂·北京史料卷》页307。“管……佥书事”为“佥书管事”之误。参见《明神宗实录》卷304二十四年十一月己亥条:“命协守蓟镇东路副总兵署都指挥佥事陈霞右军都督府佥书管事”;杨一清《关中奏议》卷11页44上《为急缺都司掌印佥书官员事》“合无将周伦铨注陕西都司军政掌印,夏钦佥书管事,汪麟令其回还原卫调治病疾,待病痊,另行委用。”(云南丛书本)
82 下面引用李如樟本人描述他写《三镇边务总要》的情况为“待罪府中,无所事事” 。“府中”,指都督府。他二十六年十月十四日被任命,加上到岗位的时间,年底之前不可能写完此书。二十七年八月被任命总兵以后即未在“府中”。因此《三镇边务总要》成书的时间在万历二十七年年初至八月之间。
83 《三镇边务总要·序》页2下—3上。
84 李如樟的前任陈璘在二十七年八月十三日以后“近见邸报兵部复本,内称广西总兵陈璘马上催促由湖广取道直趋粤西听援,不许绕路粤东,有误缨冠之义。……[陈]璘,素有威名。近征倭,更著战功。粤西无事,将非所急。臣等以为宜即改为湖广总兵,即令于湖广候旨到任管事。其广西总兵,另行推补”,为李如樟任命时间之上限(李化龙《平播全书》卷1页84下—85上,85上《请内帑增将兵疏》)。万历二十八年正月癸丑,李如樟被派到广西泗城:“广西总兵李如樟速驻泗城”,为李如樟任命时间之下线(《明神宗实录》卷343,李国祥、杨昶《明实录类纂·军事史料卷》页677,武汉出版社:1993,《〈明实录〉广西史料摘录》,南宁:广西人民出版社,1990年,页434。
85 《明神宗实录》卷343癸丑条;《明实录类纂·军事史料卷》页677;《〈明实录〉广西史料摘录》页434。泗城位于今广西壮族自治区凌云县。
86 李如樟在泗城“遏播西逸”:“湖广原调三万之兵并总兵陈璘、副使王应霖速赴偏桥[位于今贵州省东北部施秉县];云南、广西原调一万七千之兵速赴贵阳;云南总兵沐叡速驻沾益[位于今云南省东北部宣威县];广西总兵李如樟速驻泗城;湖广抚臣移驻沅州[位于今湖南省东北部芷江侗族自治县]”《明神宗实录》卷343。在五个派遣军队的地方中,泗城和沾益都靠西,所以泗城应该是李如樟“遏播西逸”的地点。
87 《由庚堂集》卷18页22上—22下《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》。
88 写于二十八年八月上旬至十二月十六日之间。参见前一篇奏疏《平播全书》卷6页30上《四乞归疏》;后一篇奏疏《平播全书》卷6页68上《黔省善后事宜疏》。
89 《平播全书》卷6页42上,49下,49下,50上《叙助兵饷疏》。
90 《明史》卷21册2页281《本纪·神宗(二)》:“[万历二十八年]十月辛未贵州皮林苗叛。”
91 皮林位于今贵州省黎平县皮林村。
92 播指万历二十五年七月播州宣慰使“杨应龙叛,掠合江、綦江。”(《明史》卷21册2页279《本纪·神宗(二)》。
93 《由庚堂集》卷18页22下—23上,23下—24上《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》。
94 《明神宗实录》卷370甲戌条;《〈明实录〉广西史料摘录》页507;《明实录类纂·军事史料卷》页1032—1033。《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页13下曰:“万历三十年三月由广西镇守调任。”
95 三地都在今陕西省榆林市附近。红山在”镇北五里”《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页37上。
96 《[万历]延绥镇志》卷8页56上—56下《归还镇军草地三场碑记》;句读参考陕西省榆林地方志办公室整理《延绥镇志》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2011年,页637。
97 《由庚堂集》卷18页24下《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》。
98 李汶《总督三边奏议》卷39页103上—103下《甄别练兵官员以昭劝惩以励人心疏》。
99 郑汝璧诗《榆林虏既款塞岁复有季李大将军置酒春宵盛张镫乐即事有作》(《由庚堂集》卷9页12下)。郑汝璧来到延绥是万历三十一年三月十日:“于本年[三十一年]三月初十日……臣即日收管任事”(《由庚堂集》卷27页1下《恭谢天恩疏》)。此后,蒙古人于延绥第一次互市为三十一年年底:“比圪塔等酋就市红山,延、宁可稍息肩”(《明神宗实录》卷390十一月丁卯条;据《[万历]延绥镇志》卷3页66下,蒙古人于三十年互市,暂以《实录》日期为准)。“款塞”后“复有季”为三十二年春。
100 《[万历]野获编》卷17页32上《梅客生司马》,道光7年扶荔山房刻本。李如樟至少还有一次宴请过郑汝璧。
101 夏允彝《幸存录》卷上《东夷大略》。
102 《明神宗实录》卷397壬午条;沈一贯《敬事草》卷15页60下—61上《再辞皮林叙并推叙播功疏》也提及因平息播州、皮林而为李如樟等叙功事。
103 《由庚堂集》卷18页23上《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》:“事竣,司马首叙公功,进都督同知秩一品……公春秋甫四十加一而横玉一何壮也。”《明神宗实录》卷397、《再辞皮林叙并推叙播功疏》、《万历起居注》[日期据《起居注》]皆曰:“若戴燿、李如樟等”。《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页13下曰:李如樟“以播苗功升都督同知”。《明史》卷238册20页6197《李如樟传》、《[康熙]李氏谱系》皆曰李如樟“累进都督佥事”,误。
104《[万历]延绥镇志》卷3页66下:“三十二年秋九月,酋首沙计等七台吉入犯孤山,副总兵杜松击破之。”
105 “炒忽儿台吉:吉囊弟、卜失兔叔父。封指挥佥事”(《[万历]延绥镇志》卷6页35下《套虏名系官职考·中路》);“明爱即青歹成朵儿计男,庄秃赖侄。封指挥佥事”(《[万历]延绥镇志》卷6页37上《套虏名系官职考·东路》)。
106 焦竑《国朝献征录》卷58页84上《兵部右侍郎兼都察院右佥都御史郑公汝璧墓志铭》 (本条材料利用中央研究院历史语言研究所《汉籍电子文献资料库》检索);徐象梅《两浙名贤录》卷20页50下《都察院右佥都御史郑汝壁》。
107 “套长”为卜失兔,是俺答姪、吉能之孙。关于“套长”的身份,参见《明神宗实录》卷411七月丙戌条:“套长卜失兔加意钤束诸部”;关于卜失兔,参见《万历武功录》卷14《把都儿黄台吉》、《卜失兔阿不害》。
108 李维桢《大泌山房集》卷44页17上《赠督府少司马郑[汝璧]公序》。
109 《由庚堂集》卷29页4上—4下《官兵奋勇堵虏就阵斩获首功疏》。
110 葮州州会在今陕西省榆林市佳县县城。
111 钱希言《狯园》第4页14上,14下,15上—15下,15下—16上,《翦头仙人》(知不足斋本)。参见[清]禇人穫《坚瓠集·秘集》卷2页6上—6下《剪头仙人》;[清]来集之《倘湖樵书·二编》卷9页67上—68下《金陀粹编》。
112 指汉梁孝王之臣张羽、韩安国。或曰汉初张良和韩信。《汉语大词典》册4页130。
113 《总督三边奏议》卷42页26上—26下《甄别练兵官员以昭劝惩以励人心疏》。
114 《[万历]延绥镇志》卷4页9上。
115 《明神宗实录》卷411戊戌条。(本条材料利用中央研究院历史语言研究所《汉籍电子文献资料库》检索。)
116 杜松任命的时间为八月甲辰(2日):“升协守孤山副总兵杜松署都督佥事挂印充总兵官镇守延绥等处地方”(《明神宗实录》卷412;《明实录类纂·军事史料卷》页1033)。据《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页13下,接替李如樟为延绥总兵官“杜松……万历三十三年九月内任。”或许他实际到任的时间是三十三年九月。
117 《皇明留台奏议》为蔵字。
118 《明穆宗实录》卷60,隆庆五年八月癸卯条:“总督陕西右都御史戴才奏……一改延绥市厂于红山边墙暗门之外。”
119 关于吴世登的贪污活动,参见朱吾弼等辑《皇明留台奏议》卷18页57上—58上,孫居相《丙午军政拾遗疏》,萧如松万历35年序版本,南京图书馆、美国哈佛大学哈佛燕京图书馆藏本;《续修四库全书》册467有影印本。
120 《皇明留台奏议》为郑竭忠。
121 建安堡位于今陕西省榆林市榆阳区南山之巅。
122 高家堡位于今榆林市神木县高家堡镇。
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In this context, Xu et al. [37] have lately demonstrated that
the N-terminally positioned glycine (Gly), current within the BPC 157 pentedecapeptide, can serve
as a stabilizer that can regulate the compound’s
protease degradation [37]. Similarly, proline (Pro), identified to exist both in cis or trans isomers,
has been reported to affect protein folding [38].

In addition, it has been proven that repeating proline motifs inside peptide chains (with BPC 157, triple proline motifs occur)
play an important function in the safety. In fact, it
was found that proline residues located one after another in a row strongly prevent the so-called non-specific proteolysis
[40]. In contrast, peptides containing asparagine (Asp) are extra prone to
dehydration. Research published on BPC 157 and its
interaction with blood vessels and several sorts of damages has
discovered favorable responses. It has been found that it could show protecting properties from oxidative
stress toxins and accidents.
Without extra intensive human trials exhibiting how potent it is over
time and ruling out hurt, you need to assume some unknown degree of danger experimenting on your own.
Nevertheless, at all times consult together with your healthcare provider earlier than combining drugs.
Contemplate mixing the peptide with sterile buffers to attenuate native irritation – this straightforward step can significantly reduce injection web site reactions.

Whereas fast-acting, this could sometimes provoke immune
activation and systemic symptoms, particularly with subQ (subcutaneous)
and IM (intramuscular) strategies.
The distinctive composition of BPC-157 and its capacity to target particular
pathways inside the physique have prompted ongoing investigations into its
conceivable advantages across various medical domains.
Various studies have instructed that antioxidants are pivotal in shielding the liver from oxidative stress-induced damage.
Antioxidants perform by neutralizing the antagonistic impacts of free
radicals, which can prompt irritation and tissue accidents throughout the
liver. With its antioxidant characteristics,
BPC-157 aids in scavenging these free radicals, thus mitigating further harm to liver cells.


It was effective even in diabetic rats; diabetes could make it
tougher for the body to heal wounds [27, 28]. In mice with burns,
lotions containing BPC 157 accelerated the therapeutic course of, even in these simultaneously
given corticosteroids [24, 25, 26]. SelfHacked has the strictest sourcing tips in the well being industry and we virtually exclusively hyperlink to medically
peer-reviewed research, normally on PubMed. We consider that probably the most correct
data is found directly within the scientific source.
BPC-157 performs nicely with others in the
world of peptides and weight reduction drugs, making it a versatile addition to your well being regimen. One of the coolest issues about BPC-157 is its versatility in administration. It may be taken as an injectable, oral capsule, or topical software,
permitting you to target particular areas relying on your therapeutic targets.

These peptides also scale back inflammation and present therapeutic effects on multiple organs.
As talked about above, both peptides are probably to type blood vessels from preexisting ones.

These elevated blood vessels enhance the availability of oxygen, vitamin, and healing
components to the broken website. Subsequently, the intake of BPC-157 and TB-500 mix could present a quicker and amplified healing impact.
You may take the BPC-157 dose orally (by mouth) or by injection, both via the subcutaneous (skin) route or intramuscularly (into the muscles).
The oral dose works best for gastric points,
whereas the injection works finest for tissue repair.


For example, one examine administered 250 micrograms daily via injection for six weeks to test the peptide’s effects on tissue regeneration and restoration from chemotherapy-related unwanted effects.

As talked about, BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis, which could probably help tumors
grow. Nevertheless, this similar mechanism also performs a important position in therapeutic tissues which might be broken by chemotherapy or radiation. Though extra medical research is needed,
BPC-157’s regenerative properties and ability
to advertise healing make it an thrilling addition to most cancers care.
BPC-157 helps counteract that damage by enhancing blood flow and selling quicker therapeutic.
By growing the manufacturing of vascular endothelial progress issue (VEGF), BPC-157 encourages the expansion of healthy blood vessels.
This ensures that tissues get the oxygen and nutrients they want
to get well.
BPC 157 also improved the MPTP-induced impairment of somatosensory orientation and decreased hyperactivity [54].

MPTP-related motor abnormalities (tremor, akinesia, catalepsy)
have been additionally counteracted and BPC 157 nearly utterly rescinded lethal course
of MPTP remedy. In addition, it has been famous that stomach lesions which occur
following MPTP administration have been strongly attenuated [54] in a non-competitive method [65, 70].

There may be edema and the swelling might manifest within the
ankles and the arms. Generally the side effect could just be a symptom that subsides instantly after you cease utilizing BPC-157.

Analysis reveals BPC-157 increases the expression of development hormone receptor
in tendon fibroblasts. Our knowledge suggests TB-500 to be the superior peptide for promoting ancillary power and muscle
improvement.
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ʯ��?Ā? ??nɧց?Ǥ??& -- [未验证] Rachelle (2025-07-30 23:51:45)
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ʯ��Ā) :nɧց及Ǥ『& -- [未验证] Dian (2025-07-30 21:40:58)
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This product is approximately 5 occasions more potent in comparison with testosterone in each anabolic and androgenic exercise.
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Thanks to Trenbolone, you presumably can successfully
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