彭曦：长城七问 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《长城七问》
作　　者：彭曦
　　　　　陕西省文史馆
出　　处：
发表时间：0000-00-00正　　文：

一、怎样以严谨的科学态度界定长城?

长城是中华民族在2400多年间多元文化筑成的地面上最庞大内涵最丰富不可移动的网状文物遗产。1984年邓小平同志题词：“爱我中华，修我长城”之后，对中华长城的考察、研究，形成了空前 ……

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参考文献：

[1]彭曦《1985年内蒙秦汉长城考察日记》
[2]《山丹县志 · 文物古迹》。侯丕勋：《古代甘肃长城的特点论述》,西北师大《西北史地研究》第二辑。甘肃文艺出版社2002年。
[3]瓯燕《我国长城的考古发现与研究》,《长城国际学术研讨会论文集》吉林人民出版社1995年。
[4]彭曦：《从文化区系看长城的历史》,《庆阳师专学报 · 社会科学版》1988年第3期。中国人民大学《文化研究》1988年第3期。
[5]竺可桢：《中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究》、《竺可桢文集》,科学出版社，1979年。
[6]《马克思、恩格斯选集》第4卷，第160页。
[7]《史记 · 匈奴列传》
[8]彭曦《战国秦汉铁业数量的比较》、《考古与文物》1993年第3期。人民大学《先秦秦汉史》 1993年第7册。
[9]李学勤：《论江淮间的春秋青铜器》,《文物》1980年1期。
[10]张维华：《中华长城建置考 · 上编 · 楚长城》,中华书局，1979年。
[11]张维华：《中国长城建置考 · 上编 · 第15页》中华书局，1979年。
[12]《四库全书总目》卷100《子部 · 兵家类 · 存目 · 管子》二十四卷条。
[13]张维华：《中国长城建置考 · 上编 · 齐长城》第16-18页，中华书局，1979年。孙稚雏：《或钟铭文汇释》,《古文字研究》第19辑，中华书局。
[14]劳干：《释汉代之亭障与烽燧》,《历史语言研究所集刊》第19本。
[15]史会海《黄河中游战国及秦时诸长城遗迹的探索》,《中国长城遗迹调查报告集》,文物出版社，、1981年。
[16]彭曦：《战国秦长城考察与研究》,西北大学出版社，1990年。
[17]彭曦：《秦简公“堑洛”遗迹考察简报》、《文物》1966年第4期，第66-75页。
[18]彭曦《秦长城、秦都城与秦文化》,《秦陵秦俑研究动态》1995年第2期，第6-12页。
[19]贾谊：《新书 · 匈奴》。

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The preceding rating would be lowered by the bid amount if
they do not score any points by tips or melding.
If participant has all of the eight aces it's called double aces.
The decks encompass two copies of all Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 9 and 10 of
all of the four fits making forty eight cards.
If no player has a meld value at least 20 factors, the hand is redealt.
A meld is a particular mixture of cards that is price factors.
If you’re in search of a fun and challenging card recreation to play with
pals or household, Pinochle is a good option.
Players are strongly inspired to remain in the game until
finished, even if you’re shedding, as quitting in the course of the sport is irritating to different players.
Recreation options can't be modified for public tables,
nonetheless, you will have the option to customize these settings should you invite friends to a personal desk.
Sure, if you do not want to have the Undo button out there it
can be disabled in the recreation options.

If you wouldn't have a heart, then you must trump the trick, that's, you have to play a card within the suit that was named trump by the bid-winner.
If you don’t have a card that was led and also you don’t have trump left in your hand, then you might play any card.
Some treat a 'Roundhouse', which consists of a King and Queen in each go nicely
with, as a meld in its personal right scoring 240.
This 240 replaces the separate scores for the Kings around, Queens round
and marriages contained inside it, which scored individually would produce the same whole.
Difficulties arise when a player has a Roundhouse along with an overlapping meld
such as a Rope or Double Queens around. Some rating 390 for Roundhouse plus Rope, however
others argue that this successfully counts the Royal
Marriage twice and the whole must be solely 350.
If you treat a Roundhouse as a meld, these particulars
should be agreed before the sport.
Utilize bids to mislead or strain your opponent into making errors.

It is similar as above with the one difference being the player who
claims, his cards usually are not counted except he score
a trick from his personal playing cards. In case the
declarer staff make bid, the points can be added to the
declaring staff preceding rating.
If you change your thoughts or chosen a card by mistake, click
on that card once more to return it to your hand after
which click on a special card as a substitute. As Quickly As four playing cards are chosen a blue
"Pass Cards" button will seem. After the hand is dealt, players will have a chance to bid.

When it’s your flip to bid, the "Place Bid" window will pop up.

The bid amount will default to the next minimal bid amount.
You can use the Plus or Minus buttons to extend or decrease your
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greater than the earlier bid.
Every go nicely with contains 13 cards which, typically, are thought
of in this order, Ace (A), 2, three, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, Jacks (J), Queen (Q) and King (K). Some games embody the two Jokers present in a regular deck however most games do not.
In all cases, profitable the final trick is price an additional 10 factors (or 20 factors with double deck).
Pinochle doesn't comply with normal trick play guidelines, as a substitute it has
must-win trick play. This signifies that in any trick a participant
should at all times play a card that wins the present trick
if they can. There are loads of variations in scoring, bidding, and gameplay guidelines.
This version of Pinochle is the best, however depending on what number of players you've or what sort
of recreation you need to play, there are plenty of variations of Pinochle out there to you.

The bidder looks at these and then passes back an equal variety of playing cards (possibly including
some of the cards just received). Some gamers allow extra data to be given during the bidding - not simply the numbers.
This normally takes the type of details about meld held.

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with swimsuit might play any card of the go properly with led
(no card of the led swimsuit can beat a trump). If a trick has been trumped, subsequent players who don't have the led swimsuit both
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to now played. A participant who can't follow swimsuit
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If the bid-winner's opponents didn't have 20 meld points,
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Some play that no further points are scored for a single additional king or queen added to
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of scoring meld described in the principle account. A-T-K-K-Q-Q-J of
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teams, and entails bidding, trick-taking, and a novel scoring system.

For instance some groups do not require the bids to be in multiples of 5 above 60.
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Some play with with exchanging of cards between companions (see below).
All the playing cards are dealt to the gamers, so that everybody has 20.
Dealing follow varies; widespread strategies are four cards
at a time, 5 cards at a time, or 2 cards to each participant, and the remainder
3 at a time. The deck consists of 80 cards, containing A
Ten K Q J in every of the four suits, and with 4 identical copies
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This is why they typically have a extra bloated look to their physiques, despite being
beneath 4% physique fat on stage. Visceral fat is a disadvantageous sort
of fat that collects around the very important organs,
such because the stomach, liver, and intestines.

This look is just short-term, and you’ll lose this excess fluid retention if you cycle off Dianabol.
However, a few of our sufferers have responded well to this
compound (in regard to anabolism). Due best time to take dianabol before or after workout Dianabol’s harsh unwanted effects,
retailers have started manufacturing steroid alternate
options, similar to D-Bal.
To counteract this, post-cycle therapy (PCT)
with compounds corresponding to Clomid or Nolvadex is beneficial.
PCT helps restore hormonal steadiness and preserve muscle
positive aspects after a Dianabol cycle. Clenbuterol, albeit not a steroid per
se, is a very effective sympathomimetic drug or stimulant compound
that assists speedy weight loss when mixed with androgenic steroids in the course of the cutting phase.

The oral bioavailability of AAS can be increased by making the parent molecule more lipid-soluble by the esterification process described within the earlier
paragraph. This modification permits a bigger fraction of the absorbed AAS to
enter the lymphatic system and bypass first-pass metabolism.

Nevertheless, even after esterification of testosterone by an 11-carbon carboxylic acid
group (undecanoate), oral bioavailability remains
poor at 6.8% (9). The formulation additionally exhibits large intra-
and interindividual variation in bioavailability, making it cumbersome for
substitute remedy. To tackle this, testosterone undecanoate has recently been formulated in a
self-emulsifying drug supply system (SEDDS) to additional improve lymphatic
absorption and cut back intra- and interindividual variation (10).
However, it must be dosed twice daily to maintain physiological
testosterone levels throughout the day.
D-Bal is formulated to imitate the powerful effects of Dianabol but with out
inflicting liver toxicity, hypertension, gynecomastia, water retention, high estrogen, hair
loss, or suppressed testosterone post-cycle. This may be attributed to the
rise in testosterone levels that anabolic steroids could cause.
Nevertheless, as with different unwanted facet
effects, this increased aggression will have an effect
on customers to completely different degrees. This might depend on a person’s genetics and behavior before taking
anabolic steroids.
Dianabol is a very powerful steroid and helps
to build muscle mass, energy and increase performance.

In this part, we will discuss alternatives to Dianabol, such as non-steroid supplements and comparisons
with other anabolic steroids. This will offer you a
better understanding of the totally different choices and the way they influence
your physique. A frequent thread among customers is an emphasis on the importance
of proper vitamin and training routine when utilizing Dianabol.

These components, at the aspect of responsible steroid usage,
may help optimize positive aspects and reduce potential unwanted aspect effects.

It is essential to understand that consistency in each coaching and
nutrition performs a big function within the results achieved
from utilizing Dianabol.
Nevertheless, a large proportion of this muscle loss can be attributed to them having stopped lifting weights.

One Other benefit of injectable Dianabol is that when taken orally, the
liver will break down some of the compound, making it much less bioavailable.

Thus, though a big amount of the steroid will be active as a end result of
C17-alpha alkylation, if you’re taking 30 mg of Dianabol,
the true dose might solely be 26 mg. In contrast,
customers who inject 30 mg of Dianabol will experience the
total dose. Tamoxifen and clomiphene may additionally be taken throughout cycles to forestall extreme estrogen levels that can trigger gynecomastia.
Clomiphene, also identified as Clomid, also doesn’t negatively have an effect on cholesterol levels (31).
Some people in bodybuilding consider that roid rage is a fable; nevertheless, analysis shows that
60% of steroid users experience an increase in aggressive habits (28).

LDH, AST and ALT are expressed in skeletal muscle tissue,
and their serum concentrations can remain increased for no much less than 7 days after intense muscular train similar to weightlifting (110).
Contemplating that the common training routine of an AAS consumer entails a minimal
of three to 6 periods per week of a minimal of one hour, this is sure
to impact these markers. Therefore, ideally, measurement must
be carried out after no less than 1 week of abstinence of exercise.

Treatment may additionally stop pimples scarring which can,
clearly, be everlasting even after stopping AAS use.
In the bodybuilding community, Dianabol (Methandrostenolone) is doubtless considered
one of the most well-known anabolic steroids for quick muscle
progress and power enhancement. Those interested by Dianabol’s before-and-after results typically
want to know what kind of results they'll anticipate, as properly as the benefits,
risks, and precautions involved.

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ƭ똣撼こȆࠎȠ…… 长�Ȑ�վ: -- [未验证] Davis (2025-07-24 20:26:36)

Equally, in case you are an older adult or have an underlying
medical situation, you need to consult with your doctor before starting Anavar.
Your doctor might advocate a decrease dosage or advise you towards
using Anavar altogether. If you are wanting to increase your energy and turn out to be stronger, then a one rep max calculator is the
right tool for you.
You can also stack Anavar with steroids like Winstrol, Clen, and Trenbolone for cutting
purposes. If you're using Anavar for chopping functions,
you will need to make use of it for a shorter time period than if you are utilizing it for bulking functions.
As you can see, the really helpful Anavar dosages for women and men are fairly
different. This is as a result of men are likely to tolerate the drug significantly better than ladies do.
D-Bal's highly effective formula mimics the effects of Methandrostenolone, in any other case known as Dianabol, the granddaddy of steroids.

As you might know, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the power
supply in your muscular tissues. Anvarol will increase your
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I needed to improve my athletic performance and lose some fat without shedding any muscle that
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by CrazyBulk if you’re looking for a safer and healthier various to Anavar for women. The majority of
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Nonetheless, in practice, we discover ladies
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following anabolic steroid use. Excessive doses of
Anavar might cause some flushing to the face or body, inflicting users’ pores and skin to look pink.

This is an indication of elevated physique temperature and potentially elevated
blood strain.
Thus, it's unlikely that somebody can be tested for steroids
in the military, especially if they are quiet about their use.
Nevertheless, they can take a look at for steroids, especially in circumstances the
place they are known to be rife in a selected unit or
if there may be one more reason to suspect someone of
using them. Clenbuterol works by stimulating thermogenesis,
inflicting an increase in physique temperature, and elevating the metabolism.
It additionally stimulates lipolysis by immediately concentrating on fat cells by way of
the elimination of triglycerides. Clenbuterol’s fat-burning effects
can be attributed to its powerful effects on the
central nervous system (CNS). Clenbuterol is a beta-2 sympathomimetic and is usually used in the treatment of hypotension.
At All Times start with a decrease dose and steadily improve it as your physique adjusts.
Keep In Mind to also incorporate a nutritious diet and exercise routine to
maximize outcomes. If you want to use Anavar for its fat-burning and muscle-building properties, a
low dose could additionally be all that you just need.
A dosage of 20-30mg per day for 6-8 weeks may help you obtain your targets with
out putting an extreme amount of pressure in your physique.
However, you will need to observe that the results will not be as dramatic as
with higher doses. Some users assume Anavar is so
"mild" they don’t have to recover afterward.
Consider integrating a post-cycle remedy (PCT) protocol after completing an Anavar cycle to support pure testosterone restoration and decrease potential side effects.
PCT performs a significant function in restoring hormone ranges and preventing any antagonistic results that may arise from
utilizing Anavar. Anavar is well-known for its capability to advertise
lean muscle achieve while reducing physique fats. It additionally enhances energy and physical
efficiency, making it a preferred choice amongst athletes and bodybuilders.
When utilizing Anavar for lean muscle achieve, it may be very
important preserve a balanced diet and have
interaction in common resistance coaching workout routines.

It is important to note that the upper the dosage, the
larger the danger of side effects. Therefore, you will want to seek the advice of with a healthcare professional earlier than starting any cycle.
If you’re considering taking Anavar, it’s important to know the potential advantages.
anavar dosage for men bodybuilding is a popular steroid that is
identified for its ability to assist you gain muscle mass, lose
fat, and enhance your energy and endurance.
In this section, we’ll discover the advantages of Anavar in more element.
Overall, Anavar is a versatile steroid that can be utilized for a big selection of purposes.

People with existing high blood pressure or those genetically prone to heart disease should not
take Anavar or different steroids as a result of negative redistribution of cholesterol levels.
Thus, we not often see customers acquire fat, water
weight, or turn out to be bloated. This is as a result of of Anavar being 5α-reduced;
thus, it doesn't aromatize, which means estrogen ranges stay secure.

This is helpful for bodybuilders looking for a lean and outlined physique.

It can additionally be interesting to athletes who
do not want additional water weight when performing.
Whereas Anavar is considered a milder steroid, it might possibly still suppress pure testosterone production.

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But if you’re used to utilizing AAS (as you should be), anticipate these outcomes to
enhance exceptionally. Its primary objective (as you’d expect from its name) is to advertise development.
HGH has a quantity of medical uses, and extra potential makes use of are
being researched on a daily basis, starting from the therapy of debilitating
conditions right by way of to more therapeutic and anti-aging
functions.
This highlights the need for proper post-cycle remedy (PCT) to assist restore the body’s natural hormonal steadiness after a cycle of these steroids.
Here, we'll discuss every thing you need to learn about this well-liked anabolic steroid, including its benefits,
side effects, and the way to use it safely.
We may also cowl the newest analysis and information associated
to Winstrol, so keep tuned for informative and fascinating content material.
Embark on a journey the place the elegance of Winstrol converges with the
famend efficacy of Anavar, giving rise to the enchanting synergy known as ‘Winvar’.
This captivating mixture emerges as a cornerstone for these sculpting
their physique through the chopping phase.
This cycle is among the harshest for levels of cholesterol,
blood stress, and liver enzymes. With this cycle, enhanced muscle
gains and fat loss shall be experienced; however, we additionally see side effects being extra pronounced.
Regarding effectiveness, it’s important to grasp that Winstrol can change one’s physical
kind extra dramatically—reducing fat and
defining muscles with finesse.
For this purpose, many HGH users may even embody T3 within the cycle,
as this is a thyroid hormone. For all its distinctive benefits
and the reality that it is a hormone we naturally produce,
HGH positive does include some vital danger components whenever you use
it exogenously. Taking an extreme amount of HGH and taking it for extended durations can doubtlessly lead to some extreme
and scary health points. Trenbolone can suppress testosterone levels for so
much of months and sometimes years.
A dose of 4iu daily of HGH is commonplace when stacking it with steroids, although some males would possibly select 6iu.

The minimum timeframe for HGH use is sixteen weeks, but 24
weeks is really helpful for best outcomes. The stacked steroids will normally be added to the second half of
your cycle. An Anavar dose of 80mg daily and T3 at 75mcg day by day will serve the pre-contest
person extraordinarily nicely in acquiring a hardened, very lean physique with
minimal body fat by the tip of the cycle. If
you’re taking doses of 8iu or more, splitting it into two day by day injections isn't unusual.
Avoid injecting within the hours before sleeping because
that could presumably be a time when your body is ramping
up its pure growth hormone production.
For my Winstrol cycle, I discovered that a day by day dose of 50mg to 80mg supplied
the best outcomes. Keep in mind that larger doses, like 100mg per day, could cause undue
pressure on the liver. Oral steroids like Winstrol may be more
dangerous to the liver than injectable ones. In this section, we’ll talk about the optimum
dosage for Winstrol and Anavar cycles from
my expertise.
When Winstrol binds to the androgen receptors, it additionally stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits catabolism.

Nonetheless, Winstrol has a stronger affinity for the androgen receptor,
leading to extra pronounced anabolic effects.

One of the unique elements of Winstrol is its ability to enhance muscle definition and
vascularity. Most users, especially males, shall be stacking
HGH with anabolic steroids that include a much higher
well being and security threat. Testosterone will enhance
muscle mass, scale back fat, and substantially enhance recovery.
Features of 20 lbs are possible, and water retention must be controllable through
food plan (low sodium). Intermediate users can enhance the HGH dose to 6iu every day,
with Trenbolone Enanthate and Testosterone Cypionate at 400mg
weekly.
Oxandrolone, also referred to as Anavar, may be stacked with Winstrol so as to maximize the advantages and results of each steroids
within the body. For starters, this stack can present a a lot greater
boost in lean muscle mass enhance, as properly in energy levels, efficiency,
and power. In addition, Oxandrolone does not aromatize into estrogen, which suggests it doesn't trigger water retention. Additionally, stacking Oxandrolone with Winstrol can present many different advantages corresponding to
a rise in fat loss that is more pronounced whenever you combine the 2 steroids in this stack.
Moreover, Oxandrolone can enhance the production of red blood cells within the physique, improving oxygen delivery to muscular tissues.
This impact boosts stamina and endurance, allowing for more intense
and prolonged workouts. It’s necessary to note, nonetheless, that
in contrast to many different anabolic steroids, the place to purchase anavar cycle for men doesn't considerably improve water retention.

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ƭ똣撼こȆࠎȠ…… 长�Ȑ�վ: -- [未验证] Agustin (2025-07-22 01:04:37)

The two charts beneath record the general normal ranges of testosterone based
mostly on age and intercourse. Testosterone is considered one of the few hormones that_s damaged out of biology textbooks and into the favored consciousness.

For years it has been a shorthand for all things stereotypically male_ever discover how action motion pictures are often touted as "testosterone_fueled? "_but thanks to
social media, in current times men have become extra conscious that the word additionally has a medical which means.

The earliest and most telltale of the low testosterone symptoms is
a scarcity of sex drive, says Daniel Kelly, lecturer in biochemistry at Sheffield Hallam College.
It will increase sharply throughout puberty and then steadily decreases after age 30.
Reeder explains that testosterone is far extra involved
than you'd first assume -- it plays are half in every thing from muscle
upkeep to vitality ranges to purple blood cell manufacturing.
"It performs a far more expansive role by supporting mobile signaling, protein synthesis, fat distribution and cognitive and emotional regulation," she says.

There are several remedy options out there for males with low testosterone.
The most typical medical treatment for low
testosterone is hormone alternative therapy (HRT). This
includes the utilization of artificial testosterone
to bring ranges again to normal.
One study found that within per week of taking boron supplements,
testosterone levels in males elevated up to 32%. Women_s testosterone levels
peak in their 20s and then start to slowly decline.
When a girl starts to experience menopause, her testosterone levels are half of what they had been at their
peak. The ovaries will proceed to supply testosterone after menopause but stop producing estrogen and
progesterone.
However, ladies will need to have an appropriate level of estrogen earlier than therapy.
In males, testosterone levels peak during adolescence and early maturity and start to decline after the age of 30.
This can lead to a progressive decline in physical energy and
libido as a person ages. The testosterone level is thought to decline by
roughly 1% every year after a man has reached 30 years of age.

Classical male hypogonadism is when low testosterone levels are because
of an underlying medical condition or harm to your testicles, pituitary gland or hypothalamus.
In males, nearly all of testosterone is secreted from the testes, hence the term
"testosterone". The production of this hormone is controlled by the hypothalamus
and pituitary gland within the brain. The pituitary gland receives directions from the hypothalamus on how
much testosterone wants producing and passes this info onto the testicles through chemical substances and hormones
circulating in the bloodstream. Low levels of testosterone can lead to a extensive range of symptoms, together
with decreased intercourse drive, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, and despair.

In Accordance to the World Well Being Organization, testosterone deficiency affects roughly 20% of men over the age of 60.

Nonetheless, nearly all of testosterone produced in the ovaries is converted to the first feminine
sex hormone, estradiol. Testosterone is a hormone that your gonads (testicles
or ovaries) mainly produce. If testosterone ranges are too
high or too low, it could trigger certain symptoms.
Getting recognized with hypogonadism requires a few steps, together with a blood take a look at to measure your testosterone
levels. However as a outcome of what might be low for one man may be regular for an additional, different symptoms are important to look for.

These embrace testosterone substitute therapy (TRT) and life-style interventions.
buy testosterone shots is the primary driver of male physical development during puberty.
It is liable for the growth of the penis and testes, in addition to the development of facial, physique, and pubic
hair. It additionally contributes to muscle power and bone density,
giving men their typically more muscular and robust physique.
Any problems with the gonads, hypothalamus,
or pituitary gland could cause abnormal ranges of testosterone.
Androgen deficiency and hypogonadism are conditions
by which testosterone ranges are abnormally low.
Nevertheless, many males with normal testosterone levels have comparable symptoms, so a direct connection between testosterone levels and signs isn't
all the time clear.
Testosterone hormone perform in females isn't very completely different from that in males.
You will discover that most of the identical actions of testosterone occur in females, so we will not duplicate those answers here.
Moreover, herbal supplements are not ruled by any agency,
so there_s nobody ensuring the safety of the products offered.
Lastly, these supplements can increase your estrogen, a female hormone that
counteracts your testosterone. If you_re critical about restoring
your power and optimizing your well being naturally, I highly recommend
checking out Good Energy by Dr. Casey Means.
It_s a well-researched, practical resource that complements every little thing shared
here and supplies even deeper insights into making a wholesome,
high-energy way of life. Testosterone is way over a intercourse hormone; it is a cornerstone of
general health, vitality, and resilience for both women and men.
Your adrenal glands additionally produce the hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which your physique transforms into testosterone and estrogen. Harm to the testicles and cancer treatments similar to chemotherapy or radiation can negatively affect
testosterone production. Aside from this, androgens have been shown to extend
levels of receptors for the FSH hormone within the follicles, which is answerable for inducing follicular development.
In addition to the fetal period, testosterone becomes
especially essential in men after puberty.
From the age of 11-13, testosterone production begins to extend in children and is maintained for the remainder of their lives.
This process is recognized as steroidogenesis and is perfectly
regulated by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
of the mind via the hormone LH. In men, about 95% of testosterone is produced by the Leydig
cells of the testicles.

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