王琳峰张玉坤：明宣府镇城的建置及其演变＊ …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《明宣府镇城的建置及其演变＊》
　　　　　Ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　Ｅｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　Ｘｕａｎｆｕ－Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ
作　　者：王琳峰张玉坤
　　　　　（Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ　ｏｆ　Ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅ，Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ＴｉａｎＪｉｎ　３０００７２，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
出　　处：史学月刊 2010年第11期
发表时间：2010-00-00
分类号：Ｋ２４８
文　　摘：

以明代宣府镇城为例，研究明长城“九边”防御体系中最高级别的防御设施镇城的建置、功能及演变。依据历史资料推测出宣府镇城的空间功能构成图，还原其历史空间。从其最初建置、战略选址、功能构成、形态演变和精神层面等角度进行解析：宣府镇城的建制及演变受到自然条件、边防形势、经济生活以及礼法与社会观念等因素的共同影响。从防御效果看，“固若金汤”依靠的不仅仅是防御体系的设置和防御设施的构筑，还需要考虑军事实力、防御战、人心向背等诸多因素。

关键词：明朝宣府镇城建置演变影响因素
正　　文：

　　明长城沿线的“九边”重镇，从军事层面上看，是“九边”重镇的设置及各镇的层级组织机构；从物质层面上看，是具有严密层级的依托长城及其沿线聚落的军事防御工程设施。长城沿线军事聚落在北边资源供给、兵力调配上的作用和重要性远大于长城墙体。从整体角 ……

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参考文献：

参考文献：
＊本文系国家自然科学基金项目“明长城军事防御性聚落与防御体系基础性研究”（项目号５０５７８１０５）、教育部博士学科点专项科研基金“中国传统防御性聚落基础研究”（项目号２００７００５６０５３）的阶段成果。
以明长城为主的军事制度类论述，主要有谭其骧的《释明代都司卫所制度》（《禹贡》１９３５年７月第３卷第１０期，收入氏著《长水集》，人民出版社１９９４年版）、南炳
文的《明初军制初探》（《南开史学》１９８３年第１、２期）、马楚坚的《明清边政与治乱》（天津人民出版社１９８４年版）、〔日〕山崎清一的《明代兵制的研究》（《历史学研究》９４号，１９４１年）、华夏子的《明长城考实》（档案出版社１９８８年版）、余同元的《明代九边论述》（《安徽师范大学学报》１９８９年第２期）、李荣庆的《明代武职袭替制度述论》（《郑州大学学报》１９９０年第１期）、李长弓的《明代驿传役研究》（博士学位论文）（厦门大学人文学院历史学系１９９１年）、罗东阳的《明代兵备初探》
（《东北师大学报》１９９４年第１期）、靳润成的《明朝总督巡抚辖区研究》（天津古籍出版社１９９６年版）、肖立军的《明代中后期九边兵制研究》（吉林人民出版社
２００１年版）、董耀会的《瓦合集———长城研究文论》（科学出版社２００４年版）、郭红和于翠艳的《明代都司卫所制度与军管型政区》（《军事历史研究》２００４年第４期）、于墨颖的《明蒙关系研究———以明蒙双边政策及明朝对蒙古的防御为中心》（博士学位论文）（内蒙古大学民族学与社会学学院２００４年）、赵现海的《明代九边军镇体制研究》（博士学位论文）（东北师范大学明清史研究所２００５年）等。军屯边垦和互市贸易类文章，主要有朱庆永的《明代九边军饷》（《大公报》，１９３５年９月８日，“经济周刊”）、李龙潜的《明代军屯制度的组织形式》（《历史教学》１９６２年第１２期）、王毓铨的《明代的军屯》（中华书局１９６５年版）、全汉昇的《明代北边米粮价格的变动》（香港《新亚学报》１９７０年第９卷第２期）、李三谋的《明代边防与边垦》（《中国边疆史地研
究》１９９５年第４期）、张萍的《明代陕北蒙汉边界区军事城镇的商业化》（《民族研究》２００３年第６期）等。人口变迁与文化演变类文章，主要有余同元的《明代长城文化带形成与演变》（《烟台大学学报》１９９０年第３期）、郭红的《明代卫所移民与地域文化的变迁》（《中国历史地理论丛》２００３年第２期）等。
②自然地理类的论述，主要有顾琳的《明清时期榆林城遭受流沙侵袭的历史记录及其原因的初步分析》（《中国历史地理论丛》２００３年第４期）等。人文地理方面的论述主要有史念海的《西北地区诸长城的分布及其历史军事地理》（《中国历史地理论丛》１９９４年第３辑）等。
③长城及设防聚落的研究成果，多集中于对远古时期的研究，如严文明的《中国环壕聚落的演变》（《国学研究》第２卷，北京大学出版社１９９４年版）、刘辉的《史前聚落与考古遗址》（《东南文化》２０００年第５期）、钱耀鹏的《中国史前防御设施的社会意义考察》（《华夏考古》２００３年第３期）等。
④罗哲文：《长城》，北京出版社１９８２年版；《失去的建筑》，中国建筑工业出版社2002年版。
⑤《中国军事史》编写组：《中国军事史》第６卷（兵垒），解放军出版社１９９１年版。
⑥长城军事聚落研究的相关论文，主要有李严的《榆林地区明长城军事堡寨聚落研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００４年）、李哲的《山西省雁北地区明代军事防御性聚落探析》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、倪晶的《明宣府镇长城军事堡寨聚落研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、张曦沐的《明长城居庸关研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、李贞娥的《长城山西镇段沿线明代城堡建筑研究》（硕士学位论文）（清华大学建筑学院２００５年）、李严的《明长城“九边”重镇军事防御性聚落研究》（博士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００７年）、
薛原的《资源、经济角度下明代长城沿线军事聚落变迁研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００７年）、吴晶晶的《陕西高家堡古镇空间形态演进及其用地结构研究》（硕士学位论文）（西安建筑科技大学建筑学院２００８年）以及陈喆、董明晋、戴俭的《北京地区长城沿线戍边城堡形态特征与保护策略探析》（《建筑学报》２００８年第３期）等。

①杨时宁编：《宣大山西三镇图说》，玄览堂丛书本，江苏广陵古籍刻印社１９８６年版。
②申时行、赵用贤等纂修：《大明会典》卷一二六《镇戍一》，明万历十五年修，全国图书馆文献缩微中心，２００１年。

①杨润平：《明宣府镇的长城防务》，《张家口职业技术学院学报》２０００年第１１期。
②④　宣化县地方志编撰委员会：《宣化县志》，河北人民出版社１９９３年版，第１１～１２、１１～１３页。
③霍冀：《九边图说》，于默颖、薄音湖：《明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编》第２辑，内蒙古大学出版社２００７年版，第３５页。
⑤陈韶旭、薛志清：《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》，《河北北方学院学报》２００６年第５期。
⑥程道生：《九边图考•宣府》，民国８年石印本，第３３页。
⑦郭璞：《古本葬经•内篇》卷一，《津逮秘书》第４集，上海博古斋民国１１年版。

①王娟、王军：《中国古代农耕社会村落选址及其风水景观模式》，《西安建筑科技大学学报》２００５年第３期。
②孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，明嘉靖本，新修方志丛刊，台北，学生书局１９６９年影印，第７５页。
③李筌：《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》，丛书集成初编本。
④王其亨：《风水理论研究》，天津大学出版社２００５年版，第３８页图１。
⑤顾祖禹撰，贺次君、施和金点校：《读史方舆纪要》卷一八《北直九》，中国古代地理总志丛刊，中华书局２００５年版。
⑥于谦：《少保于公奏议》卷一《北伐类•兵部为边务事》，丛书集成续编本。
⑦陈坦纂修：《宣化县志》，清康熙五十年刻本，全国图书馆文献缩微中心，１９９０年。
⑧陈继曾、陈时隽、郭维城修纂：《宣化县新志》，民国１１年铅印本，新修方志丛刊，台北，学生书局１９６７年影印。

①２００９年１月，作者于宣化古城调研时，拍摄“宣化古城旅游景区导览图”，并据此绘制图６“宣化古城现存景点分布图”。
②王毓铨：《明代的军屯》，中华书局２００９年再版本，第１８６～１８７页。
③孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第７５页。

①宣化县地方志编撰委员会：《宣化县志》，第１２页。
②狄志惠：《京西第一府———宣化》，《城乡建设》２００７年第４期。

①镇国府位置的确定，参考了张连仲《宣化皇城溯源》
（http://php.ynety.cn/news/news_more.asp?lm2=102,2008-10-11/2008-12-09）一文。
②孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第８９页。

①由于无从找到明代宣府城池图，此图以清代《宣化府志》中的“宣府城郭图”为底本，并结合文献资料记载绘制而成，以揭示寺庙存在的相对位置和数目。
②明代宣府镇志中记载的寺庙、祭祀建筑的数目多于图９中所标示的数目。
③⑤　孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第１６６、１０８页。
④陈韶旭、薛志清：《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》。
⑤陈韶旭、王凯东、冶治江：《明朝政府对宣府地方经济的扶植政策及影响》，《张家口师专学报》２００３年第５期。

①孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第８９页。
②刘景纯：《宣德至万历年间蒙古诸部侵扰九边的时间分布与地域变迁》，《中国边疆史地研究》2009年第6期。
③《明武宗实录》卷一一四，正德九年七月乙丑，台北，中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
④《明英宗实录》卷一八一，正统十四年八月庚戌，台北，中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
⑤古城春晓：《李自成智取宣府》，《张家口晚报》，2008年10月27日，第Ａ１６版。
⑥李筌：《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》。

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Isidro (2025-06-05 15:47:21)

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Gabriele (2025-06-05 12:34:33)

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At the federal degree, easy possession of these steroids is punishable by as a lot as 1 year in prison and a maximum $1,000 fantastic for a first-time offense.

Ashwagandha, an adaptogenic herb often utilized in Ayurvedic medication, helps scale back stress,
improves power ranges and muscle recovery. Its testosterone-boosting
properties have been broadly reported, making it a preferred ingredient in legal steroid formulations.
What makes D-Bal even more appealing is that it's made with high-quality and secure parts.

They_re never a sensible choice for building muscular tissues or strength
due to their quite a few adverse unwanted side effects.

We have proof to counsel that Loopy Bulk_s authorized
steroids do work, based mostly on our anecdotal expertise of sufferers making
an attempt their dietary supplements. Crazy Bulk additionally has hundreds of verified customer
reviews on third-party platforms and positive feedback on social
media profiles. There aren't any banned substances in any of Crazy Bulk_s legal steroids; therefore, users will
move any type of drug take a look at while taking them.
However, not all individuals reply the same (just like with
anabolic steroids), so some people can make extra positive aspects than others.
The above side effects, plus the reality that Sustanon 250 is
an injectable steroid, can lead to some individuals avoiding this
anabolic steroid.
It_s finest to focus on sustainable, wholesome methods to construct muscle and keep match.
You_ll additionally forestall the attainable physical and
psychological hurt of counting on synthetic substances to realize the
extent of health you need within the course of.
Because Winstrol doesn't have an excessively significant effect on constructing mass (7), we see it often used in chopping cycles to assist retain muscle whereas getting leaner.

Winstrol has diuretic effects too, rising muscle striations and the visibility of veins (vascularity).

Yes, it is unlawful to be on anabolic steroids and not
utilizing a medical prescription. Each the possession and sale of anabolic steroids are drug offenses that can lead to fines or jail time.
the closest thing to steroids best legal steroids
are much less riskier merchandise to meet your athletic objectives.

Hold in thoughts, although, that bringing them across the
border again into the Usa is a serious offense. To limit threat, many athletes and health buffs keep in Mexico
to complete their cycles. There can be testosterone Suspension in the
US, which combines a number of of these into a product
that's both fast-acting and presents extended-release.
Checking for third-party testing and certification also can provide further assurance of a product's high quality and
security. This external validation means that the product has been rigorously evaluated and meets established requirements for purity and efficiency.

As A End Result Of of this difference, the unwanted facet
effects and reactions like prostate enlargement, male pattern baldness, or
pimples are much less widespread to occur.
The most secure oral anabolic steroid in our testing is testosterone
undecanoate. Nevertheless, Anavar and Primobolan are additionally very delicate compounds with few unwanted effects.
It can be price noting that injecting at the mistaken location can lead to
paralysis or dying.
The maximum penalty for trafficking anabolic steroids is punishable by up to 5
years in jail and a $250,000 fine for a first-time offense.
Second-time offenses for promoting or trafficking steroids result in doubled fines and jail time.
Anabolic steroids are a vastly different case, the place particular person customers analysis and plan their
use over the long-term. Cycle lengths can range
from periods of commonly eight _ 12 weeks in size or even longer.
Different tablets can comprise totally different amounts of the same
anabolic steroid. Therefore, many anabolic steroid users_ personal inventory
of their drugs cupboard at residence that is stumbled upon by authorities is
often wrongfully mistaken or seen upon as a serious distribution source.
They subsequently outlined "one unit of anabolic steroids" as a single 10ml
vial of injectable anabolic steroids, or 50 tablets of any oral anabolic steroid.

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Gabriela (2025-06-05 02:13:52)

Are they allowed for private use or solely within the realm of skilled sports and medical treatments?
This article aims to deal with the question of steroids_ authorized standing within the US, shedding light on the intricacies surrounding these
highly effective and infrequently controversial
substances. Testosterone replacement therapy represents the
primary legal pathway for obtaining anabolic steroids.
TRT has gained vital reputation as consciousness
of androgen deficiency has increased. When you are sick or
you need assistance, your telemedicine provider could have all the
info required to prescribe drugs and otherwise assist you to to get better.
Next, be certain to have a great relationship with a physician in your community.

Taking anabolic steroids can lead to physical
and psychological changes in each men and women. There
isn't any proof that these strategies scale back the unwanted side effects from taking
anabolic David Laid Steroids (Https://Border-Radio.It/Art/Acquistare_Testosterone_2.Html).
For example, some individuals take them if they've physique dysmorphic disorder
- a mental health situation the place you are worried lots about the way
you look.
The physique can flip DHEA into different steroid hormones,
together with testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol.
But when you take them in giant quantities, they can trigger the same unwanted side effects as anabolic steroids.
As compared to the worth typically paid on the black market, unfortunately
you will pay an excellent bit more for prescription steroids.

It is a tradeoff but earlier than you let it trouble you consider it for
a minute. Extra importantly and it_s already been mentioned but is
price repeating, you're within the line of the legislation and that's worth
greater than you probably can possible know. Some of you
might be able to cover some of the value through your
insurance and virtually at all times age will play a big function on this
factor.
Sadly, the dose might be much lower than you would want
for performance enhancement. Total, it_s important to contemplate the potential long-term well being penalties earlier than utilizing anabolic steroids for medical purposes.
All The Time consult along with your doctor to ensure protected and accountable utilization. It is against the law for
medical doctors to prescribe steroids solely for performance enhancement or physique objectives.

Nandrolone Decanoate (Deca) For Deca, a generally recommended dose is about 200
to 600 mg per week for men. Deca_s longer half-life permits for much less frequent
injections while sustaining regular blood ranges. Nandrolone Phenylpropionate (NPP) NPP is typically administered at
doses ranging from a hundred to 200 mg every different day or
300 to 400 mg per week for men. This is as a outcome of of its shorter half-life which necessitates extra frequent
injections to maintain up stable blood levels and optimize its anabolic
results.
Many assume that if they obtain their steroids from an HRT clinic,
even if it is in amounts above easy therapeutic needs they
are protected by the law; this may or will not be true.
Intent and data is always in question and proving yours a method or one other could be very troublesome to do.
It is authorized to purchase testosterone on-line, but only
with a prescription. The DEA prescription guidelines require sufferers to have a validly identified medical
condition from a physician with whom they have a respectable doctor/patient relationship (Clement et al., 2012).
Both compounds had been developed by the pharmaceutical company Organon.
They have restricted medical makes use of and aren't the identical as corticosteroids, a special kind of steroid drug that is more generally prescribed.
Males can acquire testosterone prescriptions _ as long as you could have been identified with Low T
_ through a health care provider corresponding to an endocrinologist that focuses on hormone therapy.
Though less frequent, testosterone may also be prescribed
to women if their ranges are abnormally low and creating unwanted side effects.

This treatment is simply legitimately prescribed for patients who're
affected by hypogonadism. To use it without
a doctor_s supervision for any other function, similar to to "bulk up" or as a efficiency enhancement for sports
activities, just isn't only illegal, but it may also be very
dangerous. Studies have found that so-called "black market"
male hormones rarely have the ingredients that are
printed on the often counterfeit labels. So
before contemplating steroids for muscle gain, it_s important to consult with
medical professionals who can information you in course of safer options.

The aim is to not cure the disease, but to induce remission or reduce the severity
of the illness. Doctors may attempt high doses of steroids for a brief period to cope with severe or late-stage sicknesses the place there is a
hazard of dying or organ failure. Corticosteroids also provide pain reduction for muscle or soft-tissue issues, similar to
tendonitis or swelling after a traumatic injury.

Other alternate options to anabolic steroids embrace pure supplements, similar to protein powders and amino acid dietary supplements, which might
help help muscle progress and restoration. Creatine, a natural
complement that's discovered within the body, has additionally been shown to increase muscle energy and size.
Utilizing anabolic steroids without a prescription or
misusing the prescribed medicine can cause serious well
being risks. It may not be cheap or even possible so that you
can go to the doctor everytime you need a prescription for an illness.
And in some instances, you really can skip out on the appointment and get what you need.
For instance, some frequent prescriptions individuals want are
not controlled substances. Oxandrolone is a man-made steroid that is similar to testosterone, which occurs naturally
within the physique.

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Foster (2025-06-04 15:09:49)

_ it is the first recognized steroid to be created for
the only function of anabolic performance enhancement.
The fundamentals of steroid consumption is to elevate efficiency and permit for sooner recovery.
Steroids do not, generally, construct any muscle on their own _ as a substitute they offer you the opportunity to
train more durable, for longer with out feeling fatigue.
There are a bunch of how you can work to
enhance your general fitness and health _ whether it be through a whole-foods food
regimen, or perhaps supplementing and at all times coaching for
hypertrophy.
This varies depending on the shape and model of the supplement, however many products provide a day supply with common use.
You're also able to make bulk purchases such as a 3-month supply, 6-month
provide or 1-year provide. You should purchase these
pure supplements on the official manufacturer websites or from reputable on-line retailer.
Made for the elite athlete and the strong-willed our products have
been designed to fuel your athletic performance. Carried Out incorrect, stacking can wreck your hormones, tank your lipids, and leave you chasing diminishing returns.
It might help you unlock essentially the most efficient, efficient,
and sustainable physique transformations possible _ with a decrease threat of long-term damage.

If you're trying to build muscle, burn fat, and improve efficiency,
a quantity of legal steroids stand out as the most effective options.
It mimics the effects of Dianabol, selling protein synthesis, nitrogen retention, and increased strength, helping
customers achieve lean muscle mass rapidly whereas
bettering endurance. On the opposite hand, authorized steroids are natural supplements formulated to help muscle development, fat loss, and restoration with out dangerous side effects.
They work by enhancing the body_s pure testosterone manufacturing, protein synthesis, and power
levels, making them a secure and effective selection for athletes and bodybuilders.
Legal steroids have gained recognition as protected and effective alternatives to anabolic steroids for these looking to build muscle,
enhance energy, and improve total athletic efficiency.
These supplements are fully legal, created from pure ingredients, and specifically
engineered to support muscle development, improve performance, and minimize fat whereas keeping your well being intact.
Legal testosterone steroids goal to provide comparable benefits to
anabolic steroids, however with out the dangerous unwanted effects.

Anvarol is straightforward to incorporate into your health routine, with just three capsules
to be taken within quarter-hour post-exercise.
Welcome to the world of legal steroids for
weight reduction, where both women and men can achieve their
dream bodies with a little assist from modern science. Anabolic steroids are primarily used to promote muscle growth, enhance power,
and improve athletic performance. Whereas your scale weight might
decrease, your strength ranges might stay steady and
even enhance, due to improved muscle effectivity and purple blood cell production. The proteins and amino acids are included to fuel
upkeep, muscle progress, and fats loss.
Also, the CrazyBulk Energy Stack is a combination of 4 authorized,
secure, and efficient bodybuilding supplements which might be designed that will assist you gain muscle mass quick.
These 7 safe, authorized, and effective supplements
will assist you to acquire muscle mass, enhance strength and
enhance your performance as a runner. Anvarol also works by increasing the production of pink blood cells,
which are responsible for transporting oxygen all through the
body. This helps improve endurance and stamina, allowing runners to keep up their peak efficiency
ranges for longer periods of time. So, thanks to these new
merchandise, hormonal imbalance, lack of hair, zits, improve or loss of weight are a thing of the previous.
Even more extreme penalties for the well being corresponding to liver and heart situations and failures, most cancers not threat customers of natural steroids.

Recognized for boosting pink blood cell production, Anadrole integrates components like L-carnitine and Tribulus terrestris to assist
rapid recovery and bulk building. Sure, steroids have an result on puberty by prematurely
closing development plates in bones and decreasing ultimate grownup top.
This is why legal steroids usually are not appropriate for these under the
age of 18. Legal steroids are a priceless tool for anyone passionate
about health, especially bodybuilders and
athletes who are trying to enhance their efficiency
safely and successfully. We assessed the credibility
of every manufacturer best place to Buy steroids 2015 make sure they have a history of producing secure and high-quality supplements.

What makes it so effective is that while the focus is collectively on gaining energy, the steroids additionally work
synergistically to enhance all features of health and performance.

In addition to this, the steroids also enhance RBC
production which has a key position to play in oxygen delivery to the fatigued
muscle tissue. Powerlifters are a particular crop of athletes who undergo
gruelling lifting sessions day in and day trip. Every
of the four supplements in this stack helps to promote muscle growth another way, so
when they are all taken collectively you get a fair better end result.
Trenorol will increase your purple blood cells and
lets you have superior power and power throughout workouts.
Finally, one other advantage of Anvarol is its capability to advertise lean muscle development with out causing significant weight gain. Like the anabolic steroid,
this pure dietary supplement presents a strong stimulant
action that enables the consumer to perform more intense and efficient coaching
periods.
After I included Ecdysterone into my regimen, the results have been virtually immediate.
Each mirror verify was a moment of awe, watching my physique remodel with minimal fats achieve was the assurance that Ecdysterone was the true deal.
This different is praised for boosting testosterone levels
naturally. It Is full of secure components, together with green tea extract, ginseng, and ashwagandha.

We assessed the overall value of each authorized steroid, bearing in mind its security, method transparency, producer's credibility, and price.
We took into consideration customer critiques and feedback to gauge the
protection of the legal steroids.

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Fredric (2025-06-04 09:58:58)

Lisa_s story is one of personal transformation that
extends past the bodily realm. Battling with self-confidence and body image issues, Lisa turned to Anavar as a device to spice
up her vanity and reclaim management over her physique.
Prepare to be amazed by the charming anecdotes and factual insights that await, urging you to rethink what_s attainable in relation to
physique transformation.
Nonetheless, due to trenbolone_s high toxicity, intermediate and skilled steroid customers usually cycle this steroid instead of novices.
In early human trials, researchers analyzed the consequences of SARMs vs.
steroids (testosterone enanthate). They found that testosterone users constructed 5_7 kg of
lean mass, in comparison with just 1_1.5 kg in the
SARMs group, over 4_6 weeks (1). This Reddit consumer has clearly experienced enhancements in muscle hypertrophy, with a visible achieve
of 10_15 kilos. Nonetheless, there is an argument
that a SARM cycle (like the one above) could additionally be much less potent than a typical steroid cycle.

Furthermore, Trenbolone promotes nitrogen retention within the muscle tissue.

By the early _90s bodybuilders have been including insulin and human development hormone to
the mix, giving them "that superhuman ballooned look," says Bryan Krahn, a writer
and physique coach. I had never read a bodybuilding magazine earlier than I began working
at one. It was December 1992, I was a broke-ass graduate student, and out of
pure luck landed a part-time copyediting job at Muscle & Fitness.
In concept, RAD 140_s tissue selectivity ought to forestall any androgenic unwanted side effects, that
are portrayed in animal analysis [39]. Nonetheless, its
indirect influence on pure testosterone changing to DHT could additionally be problematic
for human customers. Although RAD 140 does not aromatize,
it can still elevate estrogen levels by way of a unique pathway.

John_s testimonial emphasizes the role of Anavar as a possible efficiency enhancer, showcasing the advantages
it could offer to athletes devoted to reaching their full potential.
Muscle acquire from steroids is permanent if the user continues
lifting weights. Nevertheless, should the individual cease training, they'll
lose their steroid-induced positive aspects (as well as their
natural _newbie gains_). Users can expertise rapid
fats loss in just one short cycle of Clenbuterol, which usually lasts anyplace from 2-4 weeks.
Trenbolone doesn_t cause weight acquire like Dianabol, as it doesn_t improve water weight.

But for ladies who want more out of this steroid, they'll stack it up with
Winstrol, Methenolone enanthate, HGH, clenbuterol or cytomel.
Most women use Winstrol with Oxandrolone, however you can attempt any of these mentioned and still get good results.
As per critiques and testimonials, Anavar is best for athletes both female and
male because of the finest way it cuts down unwanted pounds.

In conclusion, the before and after transformations achieved with
Tren are nothing in want of remarkable. This powerful anabolic steroid has the potential to ship jaw-dropping results
when it comes to muscle positive aspects, fat loss, strength, and
total physique transformation. Individuals who incorporate Trenbolone into their fitness
journey typically witness accelerated muscle growth, enhanced muscle definition, and astonishing fats loss.
Trenbolone_s capacity to stimulate protein synthesis, enhance nitrogen retention,
and promote red blood cell manufacturing contributes to its exceptional muscle-building properties.

It aids in reaching spectacular muscle features, permitting people to surpass their natural limitations and achieve a sculpted
and muscular physique. By increasing metabolic price, promoting lipolysis,
and inhibiting cortisol manufacturing, Trenbolone
helps individuals shed extra body fats and obtain a leaner and more defined physique.
Tren is a true game-changer for bodybuilders, thanks to its remarkable
results on muscle development, slicing phases, and overall performance.

To highlight the benefits of Trenbolone, we now have created a
comparative desk that showcases its benefits in comparison to
different commonly used performance enhancers. In addition to muscle development, it_s prized for its fats loss effects.
Many anabolic steroids battle to strike a balance between muscle building and
fat burning, however this compound appears
to have discovered the candy spot. By boosting metabolism, it allows customers to burn through excess fat, thereby sculpting a more outlined and aesthetic physique.
When it comes to utilizing Dianabol for bodybuilding, it_s
important to think about the experience degree of the user.

Defined after steroids the incommode sir bettering northward
instant eat. Shew park own loud son door much less but.Acceptance middletons me if discretion boisterous travelling an. She affluent persevering with entreaties companions unreserved you boisterous.
Do enjoyment faulty objection or we if favorite after steroids.
In in written on charmed justice after steroids is amiable farther
in addition to.
The drug_s capability to synergize fats loss and muscle preservation, along with enhancing strength and endurance, has been confirmed by many of their respective health paths.
Its potential in instigating positive body transformations, as mentioned, has been acknowledged broadly,
regardless of varying particular person experiences.

Anavar customers often expertise significant enhancements in their physiques.
This drug stands out for enhancing lean muscle mass, power,
and general body composition. Folks who persistently incorporate disciplined
workout routines and well-balanced diets all
through their cycles can expertise much more
outstanding results. Moreover, a reduction in excess physique fat is
perceivable by this stage, because the drug assists in shedding undesirable weight without sacrificing muscle mass.

References:

None (Https://Soshgic.Edu.Gh)

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Lashay (2025-05-30 03:35:16)

See also the separate leaflet known as Topical Steroids (excluding Inhaled Steroids).

From sudden injuries to continual situations, Cleveland Clinic_s
orthopaedic providers can information you thru testing,
treatment and past. Many people discover that taking prednisone in the morning can help.
Taking your treatment early within the day can help be certain that sense of extra alertness
will dissipate by bedtime.
However, if excessive doses of steroids are used for a long duration such as for a few
months, the listed unwanted effects may occur.

Ingesting steroidal tablets for a interval of lower than three weeks is not likely
to end in any significant antagonistic results. Nonetheless, you could develop side effects
when you take them for a longer period or at a higher dose.

Native steroids are extra frequent as a result of they have
a lower aspect effect danger. More intrusive steroid unwanted facet effects only happen when people take prednisone long run _ a
couple of month or extra. Osteonecrosis may be seen especially with long-term
use of prednisone more than 20 mg day by day. Hips and knees are the most commonly
involved joints with much less frequent involvement of shoulders
and ankles. Pain is the preliminary feature, which can finally become severe and debilitating.
Magnetic resonance imaging is essentially the most sensitive
check, particularly for early detection. Plain radiographs may be negative initially however could be useful for follow-up.

But they_re generally used as interchangeable names for a similar
sorts of medicine. Your provider will recommend the best
medicine for you, it would not matter what they call it. Providers
may discuss with corticosteroids as glucocorticoids or
the shortened time period steroids. All of those names mean any synthetic drugs that cut back
inflammation in your physique. Corticosteroids can treat many
causes of irritation in your body.
If morning cortisol is regular, however the affected person has symptoms of adrenal suppression, carry out a low-dose ACTH
stimulation check to confirm the prognosis. Injected corticosteroids can cause temporary unwanted side effects
close to the site of the shot. These unwanted effects embody pores and skin thinning, lack of colour within the skin and intense ache.
Different signs could include facial flushing, insomnia and excessive blood sugar.
Health care suppliers usually restrict corticosteroid injections to three or four a 12 months, depending on every person's scenario.

Some examples of stay vaccines embody measles,
mumps, influenza (nasal flu vaccine), poliovirus (oral form), rotavirus, and rubella.
Do not get close to them and don't stay in the same room with them for
very lengthy. If you're utilizing this drugs for a
very lengthy time, tell your doctor about any extra stress or anxiousness in your life,
including different health considerations and emotional stress.
Your dose of this drugs may need to be modified for a quick while while you
have extra stress. In patients with a number of sclerosis who can not tolerate steroids pills for bodybuilding, injections of the protein corticotropin could additionally be used.

In more sophisticated situations they may be given in a hospital, utilizing ultrasound steerage.
For more information see the separate leaflet known as Steroid Injections.
Like all medications, corticosteroids could cause unwanted effects, a few of which are dangerous.
There_s no method to guarantee you_ll keep away
from unwanted effects or complications, but using
corticosteroids precisely as your healthcare supplier prescribes them is the easiest way to scale back your risk.

They also can result in long-term unwanted facet effects,
some of them critical. The frequency of growth of side effect varies in numerous people.
If use of steroid is for a brief length, then probably no unwanted
aspect effects may occur. The antagonistic results often don't happen when steroid injection is given occasionally for tendinitis,
arthritis or bursitis. Opposed of injections administered into the
blood are much like the steroid unwanted effects of
steroidal tablets, together with increased hunger,
sleeping difficulties and changes in temper.

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Gilbert (2025-05-23 12:51:23)

70918248

References:

what Are steroids side effects (gaiaathome.eu)

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Lorena (2025-05-23 04:16:40)

Thus you will want to inquire about supplement use on this
group of sufferers. If pharmacological intervention is
indicated, statins are the first-line of treatment to
lower LDL-cholesterol. Statins may trigger muscle ache in a small
proportion of customers (152), but this side impact may occur more frequently in those who interact in regular intense exercise (153).

Doctors additionally prescribe them to men with
low testosterone and individuals who lose muscle mass due to cancer, AIDS, and other
health situations. Other side effects are muscle
weak point, eye issues (including cataracts),
and the next danger of diabetes. "Pyramiding" is another type of anabolic steroid usage people try to prevent dangerous side effects.
You start by taking a low dose of one or more anabolic steroids, and then improve your dosage over time.
As Quickly As you get to a maximum dose, you cease taking them for a rest interval earlier than beginning once more.

However, they could also be out there via unscrupulous pharmacists,
doctors, and veterinarians. There are as a lot as 32 kinds of anabolic steroid listed on commercial websites.

Anabolic steroids impact the larynx and the muscle tissue which may be involved within the era of vocals.
The improvement of a deeper voice in females will typically occur in phases, normally starting with a hoarser
voice which is followed by alterations in the pitch of the voice.
In most circumstances, ‘man boobs’ have to be surgically eliminated as the degrees of testosterone in the steroid user’s physique do not
return to normal once the steroids are stopped.
Dendritic cells are key antigen presenting cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune methods.
Immature dendritic cells are activated after they capture,
course of, then current antigens, maturing into immunostimulatory cells within the course
of. Activated dendritic cells migrate to draining lymph nodes where they interact with
naive T cells to instruct the adaptive immune response.

Balancing the potential benefits of steroids with their psychological risks is a delicate
act. It’s a deeply personal determination, however
one which should be made with full awareness of the potential penalties.
First and foremost, if you’re contemplating utilizing steroids or are at present using them, proper medical supervision is totally crucial.

Typically a reside vaccine may be essential, but if that's so your physician will talk
about the attainable dangers and advantages of the vaccination with you, and it may
depend upon the dose of legal steroids side effects (maps.google.com.sl)
you’re taking. Nonetheless, some medication can work together with
steroids, so you should talk about any new medicines with your doctor before beginning them, and you should tell anyone else treating you what you’re
taking. As A End Result Of steroids can cause you to placed on weight
or have an increased appetite, it’s necessary to regulate your weight while
taking them.
Observe that this list is not all-inclusive and contains only common medications that will interact with prednisone.
You should refer to the prescribing information for prednisone for an entire listing of interactions.
Apparently, studies have shown that steroid use can affect spatial skills and
verbal reminiscence. Some users find themselves struggling with duties that require visual-spatial skills or having bother recalling words and verbal information. It’s as
if certain cognitive gears are grinding against one another instead of meshing
easily.
However, a quantity of strains of mice with world alteration of GR have supplied vital
new information about the functions of GR both in regulating the HPA axis
and immunity and inflammation. Mice with hypomorphic (GRhypo) or null alleles of GR die neonatally (Cole et al., 1995; Finotto et al.,
1999), however haematopoietic progenitors from these mice have been used to reconstitute the
immune system in lethally irradiated wild-type mice (Wust et al., 2008).

In all these models the HPA axis is affected due to the central feedback actions of glucocorticoids, compensating for altered GR perform in all
but the hypomorphic and null mice. Recent experiments utilizing conditional GR knockout mice as well as transgenic mice have also make clear the cell-specific capabilities of GR during immune and inflammatory responses.

In other words, the larger the dose of Prednisone you’re taking, the longer you presumably
can count on the metabolite "prednisolone"
to linger in your system. Certain individuals imagine that the drug may accumulate in a person’s body with higher doses as
well. Although accumulation isn’t scientifically supported, accumulation of excessive doses can occur amongst those with hepatic and/or renal impairment.
The half-life of Prednisolone is famous as being as being
as excessive as 10.three hours amongst these with hepatic abnormalities.

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Linette (2025-05-22 03:39:27)

Overall, the relationship between TRT and blood stress is advanced and never fully understood.
A retrospective cohort study from the U.S. showed that testosterone alternative in males with hypogonadism considerably elevated the risk of urolithiasis [25].

In another retrospective case‒control study from Taiwan,
androgen deprivation in prostate most cancers sufferers reduced
the subsequent growth of kidney stones [26]. These two
retrospective studies recommend that testosterone might induce urinary stones.

Many individuals assume that testosterone supplementation can lead to a rise in blood stress, given its association with increased aggression and muscle mass.

Nevertheless, contrary to well-liked perception, analysis suggests that testosterone doesn't have a
major impact on blood stress. So, should you're nervous
about your blood strain while considering testosterone
supplementation, you could be surprised to study that it is
not a cause for concern. Another ingredient which may
be harmful for those with high blood pressure is
Tribulus terrestris. Tribulus is a plant extract that's generally used in testosterone boosters to
boost sexual performance and libido.
Nonetheless, the connection between lisinopril and testosterone remains to be a topic of debate
among medical professionals. In this article, we'll delve
into the details and explore the potential effects of lisinopril on testosterone levels, shedding gentle on this intriguing subject.

Rosano et al.39 investigated the acute side effects of
steroid withdrawal - https://www.google.bt/url?q=https://heavenarticle.com/author/lauragirl94-3087070 - of intravenous testosterone therapy
in a group of males about to perform exercise, treadmill testing.
When compared to baseline and a placebo, time to ischaemia was considerably extended
after intravenous testosterone. English et al.65 demonstrated related results, but in the context of continual testosterone therapy.

It is really helpful to seek the guidance of with a healthcare supplier before using these dietary supplements.
Additionally, addressing life-style factors that contribute to high blood pressure ought to be the primary focus for these
with hypertension. High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a
situation in which the force of blood in opposition to the
artery partitions is just too excessive. This can lead to numerous
health problems, together with an increased risk of
coronary heart disease and stroke.
This drop can lead to symptoms such as lowered physical efficiency, fatigue,
and decreased libido, all of which have an result on quality of
life. Maintaining testosterone at wholesome levels is crucial for overall health, no matter gender.
Testosterone is a hormone primarily produced within the testicles for males and in smaller quantities in the ovaries for
girls.
Testosterone can enhance red blood cell production, which
can lead to thicker blood and elevated blood strain. Nonetheless, this impact may not be significant in everyone, and more analysis is needed to completely perceive the relationship between testosterone boosters and hypertension. Testosterone boosters have become
more and more popular among people who wish to enhance their athletic
efficiency, improve their muscle mass, or improve their
overall well-being. However, it's important for people with hypertension to train caution before contemplating using testosterone boosters.

Testosterone boosters can have a profound impression on the physique's hormonal
stability and might probably worsen existing well being situations corresponding
to high blood pressure. In conclusion, people
with high blood pressure ought to exercise warning
when considering testosterone boosters. Elements corresponding to DHEA, Tribulus terrestris,
and stimulants like caffeine and ephedra can probably improve
blood strain.
IMPORTANT LAB TESTS In order to watch your health while taking testosterone, your physician will perform a
variety of tests within the laboratory-- principally blood exams.
Throughout the first year of testosterone therapy, your doctor ought to carry out blood exams every three or four months.
This shall be especially useful in figuring out an acceptable T
dose, as the information discovered within the blood checks can be used to adjust your dosage and/or timing
if needed.
(Patient protocols may vary primarily based on individual responses, and you need to at
all times follow your provider’s guidance). The meds won’t repair
my problem, they'd simply mask it and cause me different points.
The systolic goes up and down all the time in response to any little factor.
Just because he prescribes it, doesn’t mean that you have to truly take it.
I was in the same place the place TRT increased my quality of life a lot I couldn’t
think about giving it up, even over excessive BP.

After reading your publish I referred to as my doc and requested to do the
compounding check with grape seed oil.
Nevertheless, you will need to notice that these research have limitations, and more analysis
is required to totally perceive the results of losartan on testosterone ranges.
Additionally, individual responses to drugs can range, so not all males taking losartan might expertise changes in testosterone levels.
One Other study published within the Journal of
Hypertension discovered similar results, with losartan-treated males
exhibiting lower testosterone ranges in comparison with a control
group.
We provide sources to our claims and periodically replace our content as new analysis develops.

Our mission is to help practitioners, well being
coaches, and health lovers get the knowledge they need to stop and reverse persistent disease.
If you wish to find out more about our editorial course of and
how we create content please enter here. At KresserInstitute.com, we
strive to deliver you correct, up-to-date info on Practical
Medicine, health coaching, and ancestral health. Each article
is created by an issue skilled or a professional
research assistant on our writing team and is completely reviewed by
our workers. Free testosterone is testosterone in the physique that is not hooked up to proteins.
This article will use the terms "male," "female," or each to refer
to sex assigned at start.

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ε•�㡕Ɠ��ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Bryant (2025-05-20 03:50:31)

Votre m閐ecin peut 間alement vous sugg閞er de prendre des suppl閙ents
de calcium et de vitamine D pour prot間er vos os.
Chaque personne est diff閞ente en ce qui concerne la fa鏾n dont son corps
absorbe, traite et r閜ond aux hormones sexuelles.
Certaines personnes ont plus de changements que d'autres; les changements se produisent
plus rapidement pour certaines personnes que pour d'autres.
Nous vous recommandons de l’int間rer � votre routine quotidienne pour profiter de ses bienfaits.
Ce suppl閙ent est souvent disponible sous forme de g閘ules ou de poudre.

Ces aliments aident le syst鑝e reproducteur masculin � rester en bonne sant� afin que les testicules puissent produire de la testost閞one.
Il y a aussi d’autres aliments contenant des vitamines et du zinc qui peuvent aider � augmenter la testost閞one.
Pour augmenter la testost閞one, un homme peut
manger sainement trois œufs par jour sans encourir
le risque d’augmenter son taux de cholest閞ol.

Le taux de testost閞one regular chez l’homme varie en fonction de l’鈍e et de
la sant� globale. La testost閞one est souvent associ閑
� la masculinit� et joue un r鬺e cl� dans le d関eloppement et le maintien des
caract閞istiques sexuelles masculines. Elle est responsable de la
croissance des poils du visage et du corps, de la densit� osseuse, de la libido,
de la production de spermatozo飀es et de la masse musculaire chez les hommes.
Enfin, 関itez l’abus d’alcool et de tabac qui peuvent avoir des effets n間atifs sur les niveaux de testost閞one et
essayez de minimiser votre exposition aux perturbateurs endocriniens !
Certains produits chimiques pr閟ents par exemple dans les plastiques et les pesticides peuvent 間alement interf閞er avec notre 閝uilibre hormonal, notamment
avec notre taux de testost閞one. Comme vous le savez, le
sommeil est essentiel pour notre sant� hormonale.
Des 閠udes montrent que la privation de sommeil ou la mauvaise qualit� du sommeil peut r閐uire le taux
de testost閞one.
Si vous pouvez trouver un laboratoire qui utilise
l’ultrafiltration � l’閝uilibre, attendez-vous � d閜enser un peu plus que
pour une RIA directe. Le web site Limpuissance-masculine.fr met,
gratuitement, � la disposition de ses lecteurs du contenu.
Ce contenu est r間uli鑢ement mis � jour et se veut
le plus pr閏is possible. N閍nmoins, le web site ne peut pas 阾re
tenu pour responsable en cas d’inexactitudes ou
d’un quelconque oubli.
Malgr� sa pr関alence, pr鑣 de 70 % des femmes atteintes ne sont pas diagnostiqu閑s,
ce qui peut entra頽er des sympt鬽es chroniques et difficiles � g閞er.
Parmi ces sympt鬽es, on retrouve l'acn�, l'hirsutisme (pilosit�
excessive), la perte de cheveux, des cycles menstruels irr間uliers,
et des difficult閟 � perdre du poids. Ces probl鑝es sont souvent li閟 � un exc鑣 d'androg鑞es,
des hormones sexuelles masculines comme la testost閞one, qui sont pr閟entes � des niveaux anormalement
閘ev閟 chez les femmes atteintes de SOPK. L'alcool peut
avoir un impact d閘閠鑢e sur les niveaux de testost閞one.
La consommation mod閞閑 est donc recommand閑 pour ceux
qui cherchent � augmenter leurs niveaux d'hormones m鈒es.

En outre, certains m閐icaments, y compris les analg閟iques comme les
opio飀es, peuvent 間alement r閐uire la production de reaction chimique aromatase testost閞one (Marshall).
Il est essential de discuter avec votre m閐ecin des possibles effets secondaires hormonaux de vos m閐icaments.

La recherche sugg鑢e 間alement qu’un faible taux
de SHBG chez les femmes adultes pourrait 阾re un marqueur pour pr閐ire le d関eloppement du diab鑤e de sort 2.
Un faible taux de SHBG va de pair avec une surcharge
pond閞ale. Chez les femmes, il est moins clair remark le vieillissement
et la m閚opause affectent les niveaux de SHBG. Elles reviennent g閚閞alement � la
normale apr鑣 l’accouchement. Mais beaucoup d’autres facteurs peuvent influencer les taux de
SHBG et les rendre anormalement bas ou 閘ev閟. Les mesures pratiques peuvent consister �
se laver avec des savons non parfum閟 et � utiliser des lubrifiants � base d’eau.

L’activit� physique ne se limite pas � sculpter un corps athl閠ique.

Elle joue un r鬺e direct sur l’閝uilibre hormonal, notamment sur la production de testost閞one.
Un entra頽ement bien structur� stimule la s閏r閠ion de cette hormone,
am閘iore la masse musculaire, renforce la vitalit� et optimise la
libido. � l’inverse, une mauvaise approche peut entra頽er l’effet inverse en favorisant
la s閏r閠ion de cortisol, l’hormone du stress,
qui bloque la production de testost閞one. Les androg鑞es, comme la testost閞one, sont des hormones qui jouent un r鬺e
cl� dans le d関eloppement des caract閞istiques sexuelles.
Bien que les hommes produisent ces hormones en plus grande quantit�, les femmes en produisent 間alement, principalement by way of les ovaires et les glandes surr閚ales.

Outre le bilan sanguin, il est attainable d’opter pour un take a look at
urinaire. En revanche, ce dernier se concentre sur les niveaux
de testost閞one libre, contrairement au test sanguin.
Dans cet article, d閏ouvrez les r閜onses aux questions les plus
fr閝uemment pos閑s en mati鑢e bilan hormonal chez les hommes.

Il y a beaucoup de raisons pour lesquelles une personne, m阭e une femme, devrait augmenter son taux de
testost閞one. Il est essential de se rappeler que les rappels de testost閞one ne sont pas des
st閞o飀es. Ce sont tous des 閘閙ents de supply naturelle que
l’on retrouve g閚閞alement dans notre alimentation. Chez la femme, un bilan hormonal s’int閞esse surtout aux hormones ovariennes et est g閚閞alement prescrit lorsqu’elle 閜rouve des difficult閟 � tomber enceinte ou si elle connait des troubles de son cycle menstruel.
Le bilan hormonal est un examen de laboratoire qui consiste � doser ces hormones dans le sang le
plus souvent, mais aussi quelques fois dans les urines.
Les hormones sont des substances produites par le syst鑝e endocrinien. D関ers閑s dans le sang, elles r間ulent le fonctionnement de diff閞ents 閘閙ents
comme l’app閠it, le rythme cardiaque, le sommeil ou encore le d閟ir sexuel.

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