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《明宣府镇城的建置及其演变＊》

　　　　　Ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　Ｅｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　Ｘｕａｎｆｕ－Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ
作　　者：王琳峰 张玉坤
　　　　　（Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ　ｏｆ　Ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅ，Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ＴｉａｎＪｉｎ　３０００７２，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
出　　处：史学月刊 2010年第11期
发表时间：2010-00-00
分 类 号：Ｋ２４８
文　　摘：
以明代宣府镇城为例，研究明长城“九边”防御体系中最高级别的防御设施镇城的建置、功能及演变。依据历史资料推测出宣府镇城的空间功能构成图，还原其历史空间。从其最初建置、战略选址、功能构成、形态演变和精神层面等角度进行解析：宣府镇城的建制及演变受到自然条件、边防形势、经济生活以及礼法与社会观念等因素的共同影响。从防御效果看，“固若金汤”依靠的不仅仅是防御体系的设置和防御设施的构筑，还需要考虑军事实力、防御战、人心向背等诸多因素。
关 键 词：明朝 宣府镇城 建置 演变 影响因素
正　　文：
　　明长城沿线的“九边”重镇，从军事层面上看，是“九边”重镇的设置及各镇的层级组织机构；从物质层面上看，是具有严密层级的依托长城及其沿线聚落的军事防御工程设施。长城沿线军事聚落在北边资源供给、兵力调配上的作用和重要性远大于长城墙体。从整体角 ……
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参考文献：
参考文献：
＊ 本文系国家自然科学基金项目“明长城军事防御性聚落与防御体系基础性研究”（项目号５０５７８１０５）、教育部博士学科点专项科研基金“中国传统防御性聚落基础研究”（项目号２００７００５６０５３）的阶段成果。
以明长城为主的军事制度类论述，主要有谭其骧的《释明代都司卫所制度》（《禹贡》１９３５年７月第３卷第１０期，收入氏著《长水集》，人民出版社１９９４年版）、南炳
文的《明初军制初探》（《南开史学》１９８３年第１、２期）、马楚坚的《明清边政与治乱》（天津人民出版社１９８４年版）、〔日〕山崎清一的《明代兵制的研究》（《历史学研究》９４号，１９４１年）、华夏子的《明长城考实》（档案出版社１９８８年版）、余同元的《明代九边论述》（《安徽师范大学学报》１９８９年第２期）、李荣庆的《明代武职袭替制度述论》（《郑州大学学报》１９９０年第１期）、李长弓的《明代驿传役研究》（博士学位论文）（厦门大学人文学院历史学系１９９１年）、罗东阳的《明代兵备初探》
（《东北师大学报》１９９４年第１期）、靳润成的《明朝总督巡抚辖区研究》（天津古籍出版社１９９６年版）、肖立军的《明代中后期九边兵制研究》（吉林人民出版社
２００１年版）、董耀会的《瓦合集———长城研究文论》（科学出版社２００４年版）、郭红和于翠艳的《明代都司卫所制度与军管型政区》（《军事历史研究》２００４年第４期）、于墨颖的《明蒙关系研究———以明蒙双边政策及明朝对蒙古的防御为中心》（博士学位论文）（内蒙古大学民族学与社会学学院２００４年）、赵现海的《明代九边军镇体制研究》（博士学位论文）（东北师范大学明清史研究所２００５年）等。军屯边垦和互市贸易类文章，主要有朱庆永的《明代九边军饷》（《大公报》，１９３５年９月８日，“经济周刊”）、李龙潜的《明代军屯制度的组织形式》（《历史教学》１９６２年第１２期）、王毓铨的《明代的军屯》（中华书局１９６５年版）、全汉昇的《明代北边米粮价格的变动》（香港《新亚学报》１９７０年第９卷第２期）、李三谋的《明代边防与边垦》（《中国边疆史地研
究》１９９５年第４期）、张萍的《明代陕北蒙汉边界区军事城镇的商业化》（《民族研究》２００３年第６期）等。人口变迁与文化演变类文章，主要有余同元的《明代长城文化带形成与演变》（《烟台大学学报》１９９０ 年第３期）、郭红的《明代卫所移民与地域文化的变迁》（《中国历史地理论丛》２００３年第２期）等。
②自然地理类的论述，主要有顾琳的《明清时期榆林城遭受流沙侵袭的历史记录及其原因的初步分析》（《中国历史地理论丛》２００３年第４期）等。人文地理方面的论述主要有史念海的《西北地区诸长城的分布及其历史军事地理》（《中国历史地理论丛》１９９４年第３辑）等。
③长城及设防聚落的研究成果，多集中于对远古时期的研究，如严文明的《中国环壕聚落的演变》（《国学研究》第２卷，北京大学出版社１９９４年版）、刘辉的《史前聚落与考古遗址》（《东南文化》２０００年第５期）、钱耀鹏的《中国史前防御设施的社会意义考察》（《华夏考古》２００３年第３期）等。
④罗哲文：《长城》，北京出版社１９８２年版；《失去的建筑》，中国建筑工业出版社2002年版。
⑤《中国军事史》编写组：《中国军事史》第６卷（兵垒），解放军出版社１９９１年版。
⑥长城军事聚落研究的相关论文，主要有李严的《榆林地区明长城军事堡寨聚落研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００４年）、李哲的《山西省雁北地区明代军事防御性聚落探析》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、倪晶的《明宣府镇长城军事堡寨聚落研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、张曦沐的《明长城居庸关研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、李贞娥的《长城山西镇段沿线明代城堡建筑研究》（硕士学位论文）（清华大学建筑学院２００５年）、李严的《明长城“九边”重镇军事防御性聚落研究》（博士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００７年）、
薛原的《资源、经济角度下明代长城沿线军事聚落变迁研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００７年）、吴晶晶的《陕西高家堡古镇空间形态演进及其用地结构研究》（硕士学位论文）（西安建筑科技大学建筑学院２００８年）以及陈喆、董明晋、戴俭的《北京地区长城沿线戍边城堡形态特征与保护策略探析》（《建筑学报》２００８年第３期）等。

①杨时宁编：《宣大山西三镇图说》，玄览堂丛书本，江苏广陵古籍刻印社１９８６年版。
②申时行、赵用贤等纂修：《大明会典》卷一二六《镇戍一》，明万历十五年修，全国图书馆文献缩微中心，２００１年。

①杨润平：《明宣府镇的长城防务》，《张家口职业技术学院学报》２０００年第１１期。
②④　宣化县地方志编撰委员会：《宣化县志》，河北人民出版社１９９３年版，第１１～１２、１１～１３页。
③霍冀：《九边图说》，于默颖、薄音湖：《明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编》第２辑，内蒙古大学出版社２００７年版，第３５页。
⑤陈韶旭、薛志清：《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》，《河北北方学院学报》２００６年第５期。
⑥程道生：《九边图考•宣府》，民国８年石印本，第３３页。
⑦郭璞：《古本葬经•内篇》卷一，《津逮秘书》第４集，上海博古斋民国１１年版。

①王娟、王军：《中国古代农耕社会村落选址及其风水景观模式》，《西安建筑科技大学学报》２００５年第３期。
②孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，明嘉靖本，新修方志丛刊，台北，学生书局１９６９年影印，第７５页。
③李筌：《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》，丛书集成初编本。
④王其亨：《风水理论研究》，天津大学出版社２００５年版，第３８页图１。
⑤顾祖禹撰，贺次君、施和金点校：《读史方舆纪要》卷一八《北直九》，中国古代地理总志丛刊，中华书局２００５年版。
⑥于谦：《少保于公奏议》卷一《北伐类•兵部为边务事》，丛书集成续编本。
⑦陈坦纂修：《宣化县志》，清康熙五十年刻本，全国图书馆文献缩微中心，１９９０年。
⑧陈继曾、陈时隽、郭维城修纂：《宣化县新志》，民国１１年铅印本，新修方志丛刊，台北，学生书局１９６７年影印。

①２００９年１月，作者于宣化古城调研时，拍摄“宣化古城旅游景区导览图”，并据此绘制图６“宣化古城现存景点分布图”。
②王毓铨：《明代的军屯》，中华书局２００９年再版本，第１８６～１８７页。
③孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第７５页。

①宣化县地方志编撰委员会：《宣化县志》，第１２页。
②狄志惠：《京西第一府———宣化》，《城乡建设》２００７年第４期。

①镇国府位置的确定，参考了张连仲《宣化皇城溯源》
（http://php.ynety.cn/news/news_more.asp?lm2=102,2008-10-11/2008-12-09）一文。
②孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第８９页。

①由于无从找到明代宣府城池图，此图以清代《宣化府志》中的“宣府城郭图”为底本，并结合文献资料记载绘制而成，以揭示寺庙存在的相对位置和数目。
②明代宣府镇志中记载的寺庙、祭祀建筑的数目多于图９中所标示的数目。
③⑤　孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第１６６、１０８页。
④陈韶旭、薛志清：《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》。
⑤陈韶旭、王凯东、冶治江：《明朝政府对宣府地方经济的扶植政策及影响》，《张家口师专学报》２００３年第５期。

①孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第８９页。
②刘景纯：《宣德至万历年间蒙古诸部侵扰九边的时间分布与地域变迁》，《中国边疆史地研究》2009年第6期。
③《明武宗实录》卷一一四，正德九年七月乙丑，台北，中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
④《明英宗实录》卷一八一，正统十四年八月庚戌，台北，中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
⑤古城春晓：《李自成智取宣府》，《张家口晚报》，2008年10月27日，第Ａ１６版。
⑥李筌：《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》。
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ε•�㡕Ɠ���ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Geraldine (2025-07-25 00:14:59)
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ε•�㡕Ɠ���ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Gina (2025-07-24 21:58:04)
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ε•�㡕Ɠ��?ķѻ?� -- [未验证] Leroy (2025-07-24 21:42:00)
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